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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of dissimilar metal welds by energy-resolved neutron imaging

A nondestructive study of the internal structure and compositional gradient of dissimilar metal-alloy welds through energy-resolved neutron imaging is described in this paper. The ability of neutrons to penetrate thick metal objects (up to several cm) provides a unique possibility to examine samples which are opaque to other conventional techniques. The presence of Bragg edges in the measured neutron transmission spectra can be used to characterize the internal residual strain within the samples and some microstructural features, e.g. texture within the grains, while neutron resonance absorption provides the possibility to map the degree of uniformity in mixing of the participating alloys and intermetallic formation within the welds. In addition, voids and other defects can be revealed by the variation of neutron attenuation across the samples. This paper demonstrates the potential of neutron energy-resolved imaging to measure all these characteristics simultaneously in a single experiment with sub-mm spatial resolution. Two dissimilar alloy welds are used in this study: Al autogenously laser welded to steel, and Ti gas metal arc welded (GMAW) to stainless steel using Cu as a filler alloy. The cold metal transfer variant of the GMAW process was used in joining the Ti to the stainless steel in order to minimize the heat input. The distributions of the lattice parameter and texture variation in these welds as well as the presence of voids and defects in the melt region are mapped across the welds. The depth of the thermal front in the Al–steel weld is clearly resolved and could be used to optimize the welding process. As a result, a highly textured structure is revealed in the Ti to stainless steel joint where copper was used as a filler wire. The limited diffusion of Ti into the weld region is also verified by the resonance absorption.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Novel Variable Extensometer Method for Measuring Ductility Scaling Parameters From Single Specimens

Abstract Macro-scale ductility is not an intrinsic material property but is dependent on the overall geometry of the specimen. To account for variety in specimen geometries, multiple ductility scaling laws have been developed, which scale ductility between different specimen sizes. Traditionally, these ductility laws rely on testing multiple different specimens of varying sizes to obtain material parameters, often done by varying gauge lengths. With the use of digital image correlation (DIC), this study presents a technique where multiple different gauge lengths are extracted from a single specimen to obtain ductility scaling parameters from a single experiment. This technique provides orders of magnitude more data from each specimen than previous techniques. This variable extensometer method is then validated by testing multiple different geometries, and select scaling laws are then compared.

Mechanics↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-408: Determination of KQ,Q0-Factors From Water and Graphite Calorimetry in a 60 MeV Proton Beam

Purpose: To reduce the uncertainty of the beam quality correction factor k Q,Q0 , for scattered proton beams (SPB). This factor is used in dosimetry protocols, to determine absorbed dose-to-water with ionization chambers. For the Roos plane parallel chambers (RPPICs), the IAEA TRS-398 protocol estimates k Q,Q0 -factor to be 1.004(for a beam quality Rres=2 g.cm{sup 2}), with an uncertainty of 2.1%. Methods: A graphite calorimeter (GCal), a water calorimeter (WCal) and RPPICs were exposed, in a single experiment, to a 60 MeV non-modulated SPB. RPPICs were calibrated in terms of absorbed dose-to-water in a 20 MeV electron beam. The calibration coefficient is traceable to NPL's absorbed dose standards. Chamber measurements were corrected for environmental conditions, recombination and polarity. The WCal corrections include heat loss, heat defect and vessel perturbation. The GCal corrections include heat loss and absorbed dose conversion. Except for heat loss correction and its uncertainty in the WCal system, all major corrections were included in the analysis. Other minor corrections, such as beam profile non-uniformity, are still to be evaluated. Experimental k Q,Q0 -factors were derived by comparing the results obtained with both calorimeters and ionometry. Results: The absorbed dose-to-water from both calorimeters was found to be within 1.3% with an uncertainty of 1.2%. k Q,Q0 -factor for a RPPIC was found to be 0.998 and 1.011, with a standard uncertainty of 1.4% and 0.9% when the dose is based on the GCal and the WCal, respectively. Conclusion: Results suggest the possibility to determine k Q,Q0 -values for PPICs in SPB with a lower uncertainty than specified in the TRS-398 thereby helping to reduce uncertainty on absorbed dose-to-water. The agreement between calorimeters confirms the possibility to use GCal or WCal as primary standard in SPB. Because of the dose conversion, the use of GCal may lead to slightly higher uncertainty, but is, at present, considerably easier to operate.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Simultaneous observation of nuclear and electronic dynamics by ultrafast electron diffraction

Simultaneous observation of nuclear and electronic motion is crucial for a complete understanding of molecular dynamics in excited electronic states. It is challenging for a single experiment to independently follow both electronic and nuclear dynamics at the same time. In this paper we show that ultrafast electron diffraction can be used to simultaneously record both electronic and nuclear dynamics in isolated pyridine molecules, naturally disentangling the two components. Electronic state changes (S 1 →S 0 internal conversion) were reflected by a strong transient signal in small-angle inelastic scattering, and nuclear structural changes (ring puckering) were monitored by large-angle elastic diffraction. Supported by ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics and diffraction simulations, our experiment provides a clear view of the interplay between electronic and nuclear dynamics of the photoexcited pyridine molecule.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advances for QCD and the standard model: color-confining light-front holography and the principle of maximum conformality

Here, I review how the application of superconformal quantum mechanics and light-front holography leads to new insights into the physics of color confinement, the spectroscopy and dynamics of hadrons, as well as surprising supersymmetric relations between the masses of mesons, baryons, and tetraquarks. Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is automatically fulfilled by supersymmetric Light-Front QCD. The light-front holographic approach (HLFQCD) also predicts the behavior of the QCD running coupling and other observables from the nonperturbative color-confining domain to the perturbative domain. One can determine the QCD running coupling to high precision from the data of just a single experiment over the entire perturbative regime by using the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC). The PMC, which generalizes the conventional Gell-Mann-Low method for scale-setting in perturbative QED to non-Abelian QCD, provides a rigorous method for achieving unambiguous scheme-independent, fixed-order Standard Model predictions, consistent with the principles of the renormalization group. I also briefly review a novel feature of hadronic physics predicted by QCD: intrinsic heavy quarks.

Brodsky, Stanley J. [SLAC National Accelerator Lab↗
DOE OSTI2016

ChloroSeq, an optimized chloroplast RNA-Seq bioinformatic pipeline, reveals remodeling of the organellar transcriptome under heat stress

Although RNA-Seq has revolutionized transcript analysis, organellar transcriptomes are rarely assessed even when present in published datasets. Here, we describe the development and application of a rapid and convenient method, ChloroSeq, to delineate qualitative and quantitative features of chloroplast RNA metabolism from strand-specific RNA-Seq datasets, including processing, editing, splicing, and relative transcript abundance. The use of a single experiment to analyze systematically chloroplast transcript maturation and abundance is of particular interest due to frequent pleiotropic effects observed in mutants that affect chloroplast gene expression and/or photosynthesis. To illustrate its utility, ChloroSeq was applied to published RNA-Seq datasets derived from Arabidopsis thaliana grown under control and abiotic stress conditions, where the organellar transcriptome had not been examined. The most appreciable effects were found for heat stress, which induces a global reduction in splicing and editing efficiency, and leads to increased abundance of chloroplast transcripts, including genic, intergenic, and antisense transcripts. Moreover, by concomitantly analyzing nuclear transcripts that encode chloroplast gene expression regulators from the same libraries, we demonstrate the possibility of achieving a holistic understanding of the nucleus-organelle system. In conclusion, ChloroSeq thus represents a unique method for streamlining RNA-Seq data interpretation of the chloroplast transcriptome and its regulators.

RNA splicing↗
DOE OSTI2023

Second Target Station Project (CHESS Technical Report)

CHESS is a direct geometry neutron spectrometer designed to detect and analyze weak signals intrinsic to small cross-sections (e.g., small mass, small magnetic moments or neutron absorbing materials). This instrument is optimized to enable unprecedented characterization of quantum materials, spin liquids, thermoelectric and battery materials, liquids, and soft matter. The ability to simultaneously measure dynamic processes over a wide energy range for very small samples will make CHESS the spectrometer of choice for the initial exploration of new materials. The broad dynamic range will also be well matched to measurements of relaxation processes and excitations in soft and biological matter. The 15 Hz repetition rate of STS enables use of multiple incident energies within a single source pulse, greatly expanding the information gained in a single experiment. An essential feature of CHESS is the capability for polarization analysis to separate nuclear from magnetic scattering or coherent from incoherent scattering in hydrogenous materials, and better understanding spin-anisotropic correlations. This instrument will employ advanced sample environments such as high-pressure cells, dilution refrigerators, high field cryo-magnets and polarization devices, as well as combinations of these, to solve problems at the forefront of materials research. CHESS will be one of the flagship spectrometers of the Second Target Station (STS), providing world leading capabilities.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Expanding the utility and range of quantum and polymer dots for multiplexed super resolution fluorescence imaging in plants (Final Progress Report)

The emission spectra of plant pigments currently limit the number of fluorescent colors that can be imaged simultaneously and, therefore, the number of cellular components that can be imaged within a single experiment. Hence, developing fluorescent tags and a microscope system that can image beyond the visible range (NIR) would greatly enhance plant imaging capabilities. Extending imaging into the NIR would support the interrogation of multiple proteins/molecules simultaneously, but would inevitably decrease spatial resolution due to the increase of the diffraction limit of light. To address this need, we propose to develop a super resolution fluorescence imaging (SRFI) platform that would allow imaging of NIR-emitting molecules, as well as quantum dots (QDs) and polymer dots (Pdots).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Using Multigrain Crystallography to Explore the Microstructural Evolution of the α-Olivine to γ-Ringwoodite Transformation and ε-Mg2SiO4 at High Pressure and Temperature

The introduction of multigrain crystallography (MGC) applied in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) using synchrotron X-rays has provided a new path to investigate the microstructural evolution of materials at extreme conditions, allowing for simultaneous investigations of phase identification, strain state determination, and orientation relations across phase transitions in a single experiment. Here, we applied this method to a sample of San Carlos olivine beginning at ambient conditions and through the α-olivine → γ-ringwoodite phase transition. At ambient temperatures, by measuring the evolution of individual Bragg reflections, olivine shows profuse angular streaking consistent with the onset of yielding at a measured stress of ~1.5 GPa, considerably lower than previously reported, which may have implications for mantle evolution. Furthermore, γ-ringwoodite phase was found to nucleate as micron to sub-micron grains imbedded with small amounts of a secondary phase at 15 GPa and 1000 °C. Using MGC, we were able to extract and refine individual crystallites of the secondary unknown phase where it was found to have a structure consistent with the ε-phase previously described in chondritic meteorites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Generation of High-Power, Reversed-Cherenkov Wakefield Radiation in a Metamaterial Structure

We present the first demonstration of high-power, reversed Cherenkov wakefield radiation by electron bunches passing through a metamaterial structure. The structure supports a fundamental TM-like mode with a negative group velocity leading to reversed Cherenkov radiation, which was clearly verified in the experiments. Single 45 nC electron bunches of 65 MeV traversing the structure generated up to 25 MW in 2 ns pulses at 11.4 GHz, in excellent agreement with theory. Two bunches of 85 nC with appropriate temporal spacing generated up to 80 MW by coherent wakefield superposition, the highest RF power that metamaterial structures ever experienced without damage. These results demonstrate the unique features of metamaterial structures that are very attractive for future high-gradient, wakefield accelerators, including two-beam and collinear accelerators. Advantages include the high shunt impedance for high power generation and high gradient acceleration; the simple and rugged structure; and a large parameter space for optimization.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1969

Dual-mode operation of a neutron source, a concept

Pulsed neutron source operates in conjunction with a photomultiplier tube coupled to a gamma ray scintillation crystal. This allows measurements of gamma radiation from both inelastic scattering and thermal neutron capture in a single experiment.

Givens, W. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Observations of Taurus X-1 by the 1-60 keV X-ray detector on the OSO-7.

The seventh Orbiting Solar Observatory, OSO-7, carries an X-ray detector for measuring the positions, spectra, and time variations of X-ray sources in the energy range from 1 to 60 keV. The instrument has operated successfully since the launch on 1971 September 29. The purpose of this paper is to describe the instrument and to report a measurement of the spectrum of Tau X-1 based on data covering the widest energy range that has so far been observed in a single experiment.

Clark, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy

The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.

Swanenburg, B.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Atomic oxygen-metal surface studies as applied to mass spectrometer measurements of upper planetary atmospheres

The problem of atomic oxygen loss in mass spectrometer ion sources can be reduced to an understanding of the possible surface interactions between oxygen atoms and the metal surface of the ion source. Results are presented for an experimental study in which an atomic oxygen beam apparatus and a mass spectrometer were used to measure the oxygen atom reflection, recombination, general surface reaction, and occlusion probabilities on six different engineering surfaces as a function of atomic oxygen exposure. The materials studied are gold, Nichrome V, aluminum, titanium, silver, and platinum. The variation in measured reflection probability seems to occur with metals that form oxides, Nichrome V being stable in terms of reflection stability. Recombination is observed an all surfaces except aluminum and platinum. Variation in the complete set of measurements in a single experiment is the result of varying surface conditions.

Sjolander, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The preparation of calcium superoxide at subambient temperatures and pressures

The effects of disproportionations at lower temperatures and also of a range of reaction chamber pressures on the preparation of calcium superoxide, Ca(O2)2, from calcium peroxide diperoxyhydrate were studied. About 60% purity of product was obtained by a disproportionation procedure. The significance of features of this procedure for a prospective scale-up of the mass prepared in a single experiment is considered. The optimum pressure for product purity was determined, and the use of a molecular sieve desiccant is described.

Ballou, E. V.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Technology development for phosphoric acid fuel cell powerplant, phase 2

Component development has resulted in routine molding of 12 in. by 17 in. bipolar plates with 80 percent acceptance. A 5 C per hour post-cure heating cycle for these plates was found to give blister free materials. Lowering the resin in a bipolar plate content from 32 percent to 22 percent decreases the resistivity more than 50 percent. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of Novolak and Resol resins at 185 C in phosphoric acid indicates a slow etch. aerosol modified phenolics, however, decompose rapidly. Estimates of acid loss by the use of analytical expressions known as Margule, van Laar, and Wilson equations were not satisfactory. Experimental evaluation of the P4O10 vapor concentration of 103 wt percent acid at 191 C provided a value of 2 ppm. This value is based on a single experiment.

Christner, L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Preliminary analysis of ocean color scanner data from Superflux III

The ocean color scanner collected data Superflux III Experiment Single channel gray scale data products generated 5 minutes after the scanner data were collected showed details of the Chesapeake Plume structure, suggesting that this quick-look capability could have potential use to experimenters in real time. The Chesapeake Bay Plume extended offshore between 5 and 7 nautical miles on two occasions. The scanner data also show many other water features within the lower bay itself.

Ohlhorst, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A critical assessment of wind tunnel results for the NACA 0012 airfoil

A large body of experimental results, obtained in more than 40 wind tunnels on a single, well-known two-dimensional configuration, has been critically examined and correlated. An assessment of some of the possible sources of error has been made for each facility, and data which are suspect have been identified. It was found that no single experiment provided a complete set of reliable data, although one investigation stands out as superior in many respects. However, from the aggregate of data the representative properties of the NACA 0012 airfoil can be identified with reasonable confidence over wide ranges of Mach number, Reynolds number, and angles of attack. This synthesized information can now be used to assess and validate existing and future wind tunnel results and to evaluate advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics codes.

Mccroskey, W. J.↗