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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Effect of land use change on the carbon cycle in Amazon soils

The overall goal of this study was to provide a quantitative understanding of the cycling of carbon in the soils associated with deep-rooting Amazon forests. In particular, we wished to apply the understanding gained by answering two questions: (1) what changes will accompany the major land use change in this region, the conversion of forest to pasture? and (2) what is the role of carbon stored deeper than one meter in depth in these soils? To construct carbon budgets for pasture and forest soils we combined the following: measurements of carbon stocks in above-ground vegetation, root biomass, detritus, and soil organic matter; rates of carbon inputs to soil and detrital layers using litterfall collection and sequential coring to estimate fine root turnover; C-14 analyses of fractionated SOM and soil CO2 to estimate residence times; C-13 analyses to estimate C inputs to pasture soils from C-4 grasses; soil pCO2, volumetric water content, and radon gradients to estimate CO2 production as a function of soil depth; soil respiration to estimate total C outputs; and a model of soil C dynamics that defines SOM fractions cycling on annual, decadal, and millennial time scales.

Trumbore, Susan E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Detecting fractures and monitoring hydraulic fracturing processes at the first EGS Collab testbed using borehole DAS ambient noise

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) require cost-effective monitoring of fracture networks. We validate the capability of using borehole distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) ambient noise for fracture monitoring using core photos and core logs. The EGS Collab project has conducted 10 m scale field experiments of hydraulic fracture stimulation using 50–60 m deep experimental wells at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. The first EGS Collab testbed is located at 1616.67 m (4850 ft) depth at SURF and consists of one injection well, one production well, and six monitoring wells. All wells are drilled subhorizontally from an access tunnel called a drift. The project uses a single continuous fiber-optic cable installed sequentially in the six monitoring wells to record DAS data for monitoring hydraulic fracturing during stimulation. We analyze 60 s time records of the borehole DAS ambient noise data and compute the noise root-mean-square (rms) amplitude on each channel (points along the fiber cable) to obtain DAS ambient noise rms amplitude depth profiles along the monitoring wellbore. Our noise rms amplitude profiles indicate amplitude peaks at distinct depths. We compare the DAS noise rms amplitude profiles with borehole core photos and core logs and find that the DAS noise rms amplitude peaks correspond to the locations of fractures or lithologic changes indicated in the core photos or core logs. We then compute the hourly DAS noise rms amplitude profiles in two monitoring wells during three stimulation cycles in 72 h and find that the DAS noise rms amplitude profiles vary with time, indicating the fracture opening/growth or closing during the hydraulic stimulation. Our results demonstrate that borehole DAS passive ambient noise can be used to detect fractures and monitor fracturing processes in EGS reservoirs.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Crustal Structure of the Mesopotamian Plain, East of Iraq

The crustal structure of Iraq was investigated through analyzing teleseismic data from 12 new seismic stations. Three seismic stations are located within the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, and nine are within the Mesopotamian Plain. Joint inversion of P wave receiver function and Rayleigh wave dispersion data were employed to resolve S wave velocity structure models beneath each station. Combining these models with available Moho depths within and around the study area reveals that the Moho depth is smoothly increasing from the Arabian platform toward the Zagros Mountains. Further, an exceptional deeper root is observed near the eastern edge of the Mesopotamian Plain where sedimentary pile is the thickest. This root was interpreted as a structure inherited from the successive Mesozoic rifting of the NE Arabian platform enhanced by sedimentary loading and progressive subsidence. A low-velocity uppermost mantle was observed beneath the Arabian Foredeep attesting the existence of a low-strength lithospheric mantle beneath the region southwest from the Zagros deformation front. The weak rheology of the uppermost mantle may have allowed local sinking of the crust and deepening of the Moho boundary due to vertical loading and the Late Miocene lateral contraction.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stability of a Mixed–Valence Hydrous Iron–Rich Oxide: Implications for Water Storage and Dynamics in the Deep Lower Mantle

Incorporation of water into mantle compositions can have significant effects on the phase relations in the systems. Here, we synthesized an iron-rich hexagonal hydrous phase (referred to as "HH1-phase") under the high pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions of the deep lower mantle and determined the crystal structure of the HH1-phase at 79 GPa using the multigrain crystallography method. The chemical formula obtained was Fe 12.76 O 18 H x (x ~ to 4.5) in the Fe-O-H system. To demonstrate the role of HH1-phase for water storage in multicomponent systems relevant to mantle compositions, we investigated the stability of HH1-phase in both MgO-rich pyrolitic and SiO 2 -rich basaltic compositions. Our results indicate that the HH1-phase serves as major water storage in a pyrolitic composition, whereas the Al-rich CaCl 2 -type δ-phase and SiO 2 phase are major water storage phases in a SiO 2 -rich basaltic composition. Incorporation of considerable amounts of SiO 2 , MgO, and Al 2 O 3 into the HH1-phase expands its stability field from 98 GPa in the Fe-Al-O-H system to at least 108 GPa (corresponding to similar to 2,400 km depth) in the Mg-Si-Al-Fe-O-H system. Plumes of hot upwelling rock rooted at the base of the lower mantle have been proposed as a possible origin of hotspot volcanoes. The hydrous Fe-rich HH1-phase, if included into the material of upwelling plumes, will decompose on its rising to the upper part of the lower mantle and release water. Our results should provide constraints on water storage in the deep lower mantle and have implications for deep mantle dynamics.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1991

Surface-tension-induced mixing following coalescence of initially stationary drops

The momentumless coalescence of drops of the same liquid, separated by an immiscible host, is studied experimentally. Observations show that for low-viscosity drops of unequal sizes, there is considerable mixing following coalescence, with the smaller drop penetrating the larger drop as a vortex. The extreme case of coalescence of a small drop with the bulk of the same liquid at a flat interface with an immiscible liquid is studied in detail. The penetration depths of small drops (1-5 mm) following coalescence are measured and correlated with theoretical predictions. It is found that in the range of the investigation, the penetration depth is proportional to the 5/4 power of drop diameter and inversely proportional to the square root of the drop viscosity.

Anilkumar, A. V.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Assimilation of Gridded GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates in the North American Land Data Assimilation System

The objective of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) is to provide best available estimates of near-surface meteorological conditions and soil hydrological status for the continental United States. To support the ongoing efforts to develop data assimilation (DA) capabilities for NLDAS, the results of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) DA implemented in a manner consistent with NLDAS development are presented. Following previous work, GRACE terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomaly estimates are assimilated into the NASA Catchment land surface model using an ensemble smoother. In contrast to many earlier GRACE DA studies, a gridded GRACE TWS product is assimilated, spatially distributed GRACE error estimates are accounted for, and the impact that GRACE scaling factors have on assimilation is evaluated. Comparisons with quality-controlled in situ observations indicate that GRACE DA has a positive impact on the simulation of unconfined groundwater variability across the majority of the eastern United States and on the simulation of surface and root zone soil moisture across the country. Smaller improvements are seen in the simulation of snow depth, and the impact of GRACE DA on simulated river discharge and evapotranspiration is regionally variable. The use of GRACE scaling factors during assimilation improved DA results in the western United States but led to small degradations in the eastern United States. The study also found comparable performance between the use of gridded and basin averaged GRACE observations in assimilation. Finally, the evaluations presented in the paper indicate that GRACE DA can be helpful in improving the representation of droughts.

Kumar, Sujay V.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Assimilation of MODIS Snow Cover Through the Data Assimilation Research Testbed and the Community Land Model Version 4

To improve snowpack estimates in Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover fraction (SCF) was assimilated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) via the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The interface between CLM4 and DART is a flexible, extensible approach to land surface data assimilation. This data assimilation system has a large ensemble (80-member) atmospheric forcing that facilitates ensemble-based land data assimilation. We use 40 randomly chosen forcing members to drive 40 CLM members as a compromise between computational cost and the data assimilation performance. The localization distance, a parameter in DART, was tuned to optimize the data assimilation performance at the global scale. Snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow depth are adjusted via the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter, particularly in regions with large SCF variability. The root-mean-square error of the forecast SCF against MODIS SCF is largely reduced. In DJF (December-January-February), the discrepancy between MODIS and CLM4 is broadly ameliorated in the lower-middle latitudes (2345N). Only minimal modifications are made in the higher-middle (4566N) and high latitudes, part of which is due to the agreement between model and observation when snow cover is nearly 100. In some regions it also reveals that CLM4-modeled snow cover lacks heterogeneous features compared to MODIS. In MAM (March-April-May), adjustments to snowmove poleward mainly due to the northward movement of the snowline (i.e., where largest SCF uncertainty is and SCF assimilation has the greatest impact). The effectiveness of data assimilation also varies with vegetation types, with mixed performance over forest regions and consistently good performance over grass, which can partly be explained by the linearity of the relationship between SCF and SWE in the model ensembles. The updated snow depth was compared to the Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC) data. Differences between CMC and CLM4 are generally reduced in densely monitored regions.

data assimilation↗
NASA NTRS1994

Completing below-ground carbon budgets for pastures, recovering forests, and mature forests of Amazonia

The objective of this grant was to complete below-ground carbon budgets for pastures and forest soils in the Amazon. Profiles of radon and carbon dioxide were used to estimate depth distribution of CO2 production in soil. This information is necessary for determining the importance of deep roots as sources of carbon inputs. Samples were collected for measuring root biomass from new research sites at Santana de Araguaia and Trombetas. Soil gases will be analyzed for CO2 and (14)CO2, and soil organic matter will be analyzed for C-14. Estimates of soil texture from the RADAMBRASIL database were merged with climate data to calculate soil water extraction by forest canopies during the dry season. In addition, a preliminary map of areas where deep roots are needed for deep soil water was produced. A list of manuscripts and papers prepared during the reporting periods is given.

Davidson, Eric A.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluating the Feasibility of Using Strain Measured During Sinusoidal Rate Pumping Tests to Characterize an Aquifer

Pumping tests with sinusoidal variation in pumping rate have been proposed as a method for improving aquifer characterization. These tests can interrogate a larger aquifer volume than slug tests and they can be more sensitive to small variations in drawdown. Current methods of using sinusoidal variations of rate are based on measuring pressure signals from the reservoir or aquifer, which requires access to monitoring wells. An alternative approach has been developed that measures the strain in the vadose zone instead of pressure in the reservoir. An instrument has been developed at Clemson University that can measure small strains using optical fiber sensors, and we propose that it can be used to measure strain during sinusoidal pumping tests. The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of measuring and interpreting the vertical strain in the vadose zone generated during a sinusoidal rate pumping tests to estimate aquifer and/or overburden properties. Pumping tests were performed at a site with a water table at 9 m and saturated saprolite from 9 to 30m depth. Sinusoidal pumping tests in the saprolite used different pumping amplitudes and periods while pressure was measured at three piezometers and vertical strain was measured in the vadose zone from 1 to 7 m depth. The delay time of the pressure increased linearly with distance, and it increased with the square root of the period, while the amplitude of the pressure decreased with distance and increased with amplitude. Vertical strain in the vadose zone varied with the same period as the pumping rate and the delay times were similar to those for pressures measured at similar radial distances. Delay times for the strain increased with an increasing propagation of the strain field. The hydraulic diffusivity was estimated using delay times for pressure and strain, and the results were compared with the values estimated from a constant-rate pumping test. The hydraulic diffusivity from the constant rate test was 0.039 m2/sec, whereas it was 0.053 (±0.05) m2/sec and 0.035 (±0.03) m2/sec from the pressure data and 0.08 (±0.022) m2/sec and 0.035 (±0.001) m2/sec from the strain data from sinusoidal tests of various periods and amplitudes. There is no statistical difference among these values. This study indicates that strain measurements in the vadose zone can be used to estimate aquifer properties during sinusoidal pumping tests.

Blais, Riley↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamic Rhizodeposition in the Woody Perennial Populus trichocarpa

Plants undergo physiological and metabolic changes that release specific molecules into the surrounding soil, a process collectively known as rhizodeposition. These compounds play crucial roles in plant‐microbe‐soil interactions, such as supporting plant development and resilience in changing environments. Under nutrient‐limited conditions, these plant‐derived compounds modify the rhizosphere environment, mobilizing otherwise inaccessible nutrients and recruiting stress‐adaptive microbial communities that support stress resilience. Currently, the chemical diversity of rhizodeposition has yet to be fully realized but is expected to be a complex mixture that includes soluble organic compounds excreted from root cells, along with products of root cell turnover, sloughed‐off root cap and border cells, and mucilage. Here, we developed a methodological and conceptual framework for an in‐depth measurement of rhizodeposition through critical advancements in untargeted metabolomics. Further, this approach provided foundational insights into the dynamic changes in rhizodeposition for the woody perennial Populus trichocarpa and rhizodeposit profiles varying by genotype, time, location, and environment. More broadly, this study provides a framework that will help formulate the next steps to effectively study rhizodeposition.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2010

Satellite Gravimetry Applied to Drought Monitoring

Near-surface wetness conditions change rapidly with the weather, which limits their usefulness as drought indicators. Deeper stores of water, including root-zone soil wetness and groundwater, portend longer-term weather trends and climate variations, thus they are well suited for quantifying droughts. However, the existing in situ networks for monitoring these variables suffer from significant discontinuities (short records and spatial undersampling), as well as the inherent human and mechanical errors associated with the soil moisture and groundwater observation. Remote sensing is a promising alternative, but standard remote sensors, which measure various wavelengths of light emitted or reflected from Earth's surface and atmosphere, can only directly detect wetness conditions within the first few centimeters of the land s surface. Such sensors include the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) C-band passive microwave measurement system on the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Aqua satellite, and the combined active and passive L-band microwave system currently under development for NASA's planned Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission. These instruments are sensitive to water as deep as the top 2 cm and 5 cm of the soil column, respectively, with the specific depth depending on vegetation cover. Thermal infrared (TIR) imaging has been used to infer water stored in the full root zone, with limitations: auxiliary information including soil grain size is required, the TIR temperature versus soil water content curve becomes flat as wetness increases, and dense vegetation and cloud cover impede measurement. Numerical models of land surface hydrology are another potential solution, but the quality of output from such models is limited by errors in the input data and tradeoffs between model realism and computational efficiency. This chapter is divided into eight sections, the next of which describes the theory behind satellite gravimetry. Following that is a summary of the GRACE mission and how hydrological information is gleaned from its gravity products. The fourth section provides examples of hydrological science enabled by GRACE. The fifth and sixth sections list the challenging aspects of GRACE derived hydrology data and how they are being overcome, including the use of data assimilation. The seventh section describes recent progress in applying GRACE for drought monitoring, including the development of new soil moisture and drought indicator products, and that is followed by a discussion of future prospects in satellite gravimetry based drought monitoring.

Rodell, Matthew↗
DOE OSTI2026

Assessing the Effect of a Deep‐Rooted Grass on Belowground Carbon Storage in Cultivated Land: Insights From a Multi‐Site US Study

Agriculture depletes soil organic carbon (SOC), partly due to the exclusion of deep-rooted perennials. Reintroducing deep-rooted perennials to cultivated land may help to mitigate SOC loss. We quantified the effect of deep roots on SOC by comparing 8 to 30 year-old stands of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L .) with paired annual row crop fields at 12 sites across the central and eastern USA. We hypothesized that switchgrass would store more root C and SOC than neighboring shallow-rooted annual crops, and that these effects would extend deeper than 30 cm. We also evaluated whether switchgrass stimulates decomposition of SOC at depth using radiocarbon ( 14 C). Finally, we explored whether the effect of switchgrass on SOC is moderated by soil chemical and physical properties. While the effect of switchgrass on SOC in the surface 100 cm was positive at most sites, the average effect was not statistically significant (difference in SOC = 0.6 kg C m −2 [95% CI −0.8 to +1.9 kg C m −2 ]). By contrast, we found that root C was consistently more abundant under switchgrass, yielding an estimated additional 0.6 kg C m −2 in the surface 100 cm of soil [95% CI +0.5 to +0.7 kg C m −2 ]. 14 C measurements suggested that root C inputs were adding to existing SOC without stimulating decomposition. The effect of switchgrass on belowground C was not strongly related to any of the soil properties that we evaluated. Our observations show that root C can contribute substantially to belowground C stocks when deep-rooted perennials replace shallow-rooted crops.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2000

Elemental, Isotopic, and Organic Analysis on Mars with Laser TOF-MS

The in-depth landed exploration of Mars will require increasingly sophisticated robotic analytical tools for both in situ composition science [1] and reconnaissance for sample return [2]. Beyond dust, rock surfaces, and topsoil, samples must be accessed within rocks and ice, well below surface soil, and possibly in elevated deposit layers. A range of spatial scales will be studied, and for the most information-rich microscopic analyses, samples must be acquired, prepared, and positioned with high precision. In some cases samples must also be brought into a vacuum chamber. After expending such resources, it will be important to apply techniques that provide a wide range of information about the samples. Microscopy, mineralogy, and molecular/organic, elemental, and isotopic analyses are all needed, at a minimum, to begin to address the in situ goals at Mars. These techniques must work as an efficient suite to provide layers of data, each layer helping to determine if further analysis on a given sample is desired. In the spirit of broad-band and efficient data collection, we are developing miniature laser time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF-MS) for elemental, isotopic, and molecular/organic microanalysis of unprepared solid samples. Laser TOF-MS uses a pulsed laser to volatilize and ionize material from a small region on the sample. The laser energy and focus can be adjusted for atomic and molecular content, sampling area, and depth. Ions travel through the instrument and are detected at a sequence of times proportional to the square root of their mass-to- charge ratios. Thus, each laser pulse produces a complete mass spectrum (in less than 50 microseconds). These instruments can now be significantly miniaturized (potentially to the size of a soda can) without a loss in performance. This effort is reviewed here with an emphasis on applications to Mars exploration.

Brinckerhoff, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for SoOp-R-Based Root-Zone Soil Moisture Remote Sensing

Signals of opportunity (SoOp) reflectometry (SoOp-R) is a maturing field for geophysical remote sensing as evidenced by the growing number of airborne and spaceborne experiments. As this approach receives more attention, it is worth analyzing SoOp-R’s capabilities to retrieve subsurface soil moisture (SM) by leveraging communication and navigation satellite transmitters. In this research, the CRLB is used to identify the effects of variable SoOp-R parameters on the best achievable estimation error for root-zone soil moisture (RZSM). This study investigates the use of multiple frequency, polarization, and incidence angle measurement configurations on a two-layered dielectric profile. The results also detail the effects of variable SM conditions on the capability of SoOp-R systems to predict subsurface SM. The most prevalent observation is the importance of using at least two frequencies to limit uncertainties from subsurface SM estimates. If at least two frequencies are used, the CRLB of a profile is retrievable within the root-zone depending on the surface SM content as well as the number of independent measurements of the profile. For a depth of 30 cm, it is observed that a CRLB corresponding to 4% RZSM estimation accuracy is achievable with as few as 2 dual-frequency-based SoOp-R measurements. For this depth, increasing number of measurements provided by polarization and incidence angle allow for sensing of increasingly wet SM profile structures. This study, overall, details a methodology by which SoOp-R receiver system can be designed to achieve a desired CRLB using a trade-off study between the available measurements and SM profile.

Signals of Opportunity (SoOp)↗
NASA NTRS2016

Derivation and Validation of Supraglacial Lake Volumes on the Greenland Ice Sheet from High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

Supraglacial meltwater lakes on the western Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are critical components of its surface hydrology and surface mass balance, and they also affect its ice dynamics. Estimates of lake volume, however, are limited by the availability of in situ measurements of water depth,which in turn also limits the assessment of remotely sensed lake depths. Given the logistical difficulty of collecting physical bathymetric measurements, methods relying upon in situ data are generally restricted to small areas and thus their application to largescale studies is difficult to validate. Here, we produce and validate spaceborne estimates of supraglacial lake volumes across a relatively large area (1250 km(exp 2) of west Greenland's ablation region using data acquired by the WorldView-2 (WV-2) sensor, making use of both its stereo-imaging capability and its meter-scale resolution. We employ spectrally-derived depth retrieval models, which are either based on absolute reflectance (single-channel model) or a ratio of spectral reflectances in two bands (dual-channel model). These models are calibrated by usingWV-2multispectral imagery acquired early in the melt season and depth measurements from a high resolutionWV-2 DEM over the same lake basins when devoid of water. The calibrated models are then validated with different lakes in the area, for which we determined depths. Lake depth estimates based on measurements recorded in WV-2's blue (450-510 nm), green (510-580 nm), and red (630-690 nm) bands and dual-channel modes (blue/green, blue/red, and green/red band combinations) had near-zero bias, an average root-mean-squared deviation of 0.4 m (relative to post-drainage DEMs), and an average volumetric error of b1%. The approach outlined in this study - image-based calibration of depth-retrieval models - significantly improves spaceborne supraglacial bathymetry retrievals, which are completely independent from in situ measurements.

Spectrally-based depth-retrieval models↗
DOE OSTI2026

Improving 3D reconstruction quality for root phenotyping: assessing the impact of camera calibration and imaging parameters

Arate 3D reconstruction is essential for high-throughput plant phenotyping, particularly for studying complex structures such as root systems. While photogrammetry and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques have become widely used for 3D root imaging, the camera settings used are often underreported in studies, and the impact of camera calibration on model accuracyccu remains largely underexplored in plant science. In this study, we systematically evaluate the effects of focus, aperture, exposure time, and gain settings on the quality of 3D root models made with a multi-camera scanning system. We show through a series of experiments that calibration significantly improves model quality, with focus misalignment and shallow depth of field (DoF) being the most important factors affecting reconstruction accuracy. Our results further show that proper calibration has a greater effect on reducing noise than filtering it during post-processing, emphasizing the importance of optimizing image acquisition rather than relying solely on computational corrections. This work improves the repeatability and accuracy of 3D root imaging for phenotyping pipelines by giving useful calibration guidelines. This leads to better trait quantification for use in crop research and plant breeding in downstream analysis.

3D reconstruction↗
DOE OSTI2022

Snow Albedo Feedbacks Enhance Snow Impurity-Induced Radiative Forcing in the Sierra Nevada

This study employs a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-snow model to investigate the impacts of light-absorbing particles (LAPs) on snow darkening in the Sierra Nevada. After comprehensive evaluation with spatially and temporally complete satellite retrievals, the model shows that LAPs in snow reduce snow albedo by 0.013 (0-0.045) in the Sierra Nevada during the ablation season (April-July), producing a midday mean radiative forcing (RF) of 4.5 W m -2 which increases to 15-22 W m -2 in July. LAPs in snow accelerate snow aging processes and reduce snow cover fraction, which doubles the albedo change and radiative forcing caused by LAPs. The impurity-induced snow darkening effects decrease snow water equivalent and snow depth by 20 mm and 70 mm in June in Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep habitat. The earlier snowmelt reduces root zone soil moisture by 20%, deteriorating the forage productivity and playing a negative role in the survival of bighorn sheep.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

NEUWAVE-12 at ESS: Workshop Series on Wavelength Dependent Neutron Imaging Back in Full Swing

The NEUWAVE workshop series, a cornerstone for advancements in energy- or wavelength-resolved neutron imaging, held its 12th meeting at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund from September 1 to 5, 2024. The participants can be seen in Figure 1 during the site visit. The series focuses on developments in techniques using phenomena such as Bragg-edges, incoherent and inelastic scattering, or neutron absorption resonances as contrast mechanisms and is therefore far more specialized than more general conferences for neutron imaging such as the WCNR or ITMNR series [Citation1]. After a break during the pandemic and record attendance at NEUWAVE-11 in Tokyo in 2023, which underscored the immense interest in wavelength dependent neutron imaging, NEUWAVE returned to its roots with a focus on a smaller group of specialists meeting in a workshop format, allowing for in-depth discussions and the exchange of new ideas.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗