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NASA NTRS2002

Application of Mobile Router to Military Communications

Cisco Systems and NASA Glenn Research Center under a NASA Space Act Agreement have been performing joint networking research to apply Internet technologies and protocols to space-based communications. During this time, Cisco Systems developed the mobile-router which NASA and Cisco jointly tested. The early field trials of this technology have been successfully completed. The mobile-router is software code that resides in a network router. A Mobile-Router allows entire networks to roam while maintaining connectivity to the Internet. This router code is pertinent to a myriad of applications for both the government and commercial sectors. This technology will be applied to the wireless battlefield. NASA and the Department of Defense will utilize this technology for near-planetary observation and sensing spacecraft. It is the enabling technology for communication via the Internet or Intranets to aircraft. Information such as weather, air traffic control, voice and video can be easily and inexpensively transmitted to the aircraft using Internet protocols. The mobile router can be incorporated into emergency vehicles particularly ambulances and life-flight aircraft to provide real-time connectivity back to the hospital and healthcare experts. Commercial applications include entertainment services, IP telephone, and Internet connectivity for cruise ships, commercial shipping, tour busses, aircraft, and eventually cars. This paper will briefly describe the mobile router operation. An upcoming wide area network field test with application to US Coast Guard communications will be described. The paper will also highlight military and government networks that will benefit from the deployment of mobile router and the associated applications.

Stewart, David H.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Mobile Router Technology Development

Cisco Systems and NASA have been performing joint research on mobile routing technology under a NASA Space Act Agreement. Cisco developed mobile router technology and provided that technology to NASA for applications to aeronautic and space-based missions. NASA has performed stringent performance testing of the mobile router, including the interaction of routing and transport-level protocols. This paper describes mobile routing, the mobile router, and some key configuration parameters. In addition, the paper describes the mobile routing test network and test results documenting the performance of transport protocols in dynamic routing environments.

Ivancic, William D.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Mobile Sensor Technologies Being Developed

The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing small mobile platforms for sensor placement, as well as methods for communicating between roving platforms and a central command location. The first part of this project is to use commercially available equipment to miniaturize an existing sensor platform. We developed a five-circuit-board suite, with an average board size of 1.5 by 3 cm. Shown in the preceding photograph, this suite provides all motor control, direction finding, and communications capabilities for a 27- by 21- by 40-mm prototype mobile platform. The second part of the project is to provide communications between mobile platforms, and also between multiple platforms and a central command location. This is accomplished with a low-power network labeled "SPAN," Sensor Platform Area Network, a local area network made up of proximity elements. In practice, these proximity elements are composed of fixed- and mobile-sensor-laden science packages that communicate to each other via radiofrequency links. Data in the network will be shared by a central command location that will pass information into and out of the network through its access to a backbone element. The result will be a protocol portable to general purpose microcontrollers satisfying a host of sensor networking tasks. This network will enter the gap somewhere between television remotes and Bluetooth but, unlike 802.15.4, will not specify a physical layer, thus allowing for many data rates over optical, acoustical, radiofrequency, hardwire, or other media. Since the protocol will exist as portable C-code, developers may be able to embed it in a host of microcontrollers from commercial to space grade and, of course, to design it into ASICs. Unlike in 802.15.4, the nodes will relate to each other as peers. A demonstration of this protocol using the two test bed platforms was recently held. Two NASA modified, commercially available, mobile platforms communicated and shared data with each other and a central command location. Web-based control and interrogation of similar mobile sensor platforms have also been demonstrated. Expected applications of this technology include robotic planetary exploration, astronaut-to-equipment communication, and remote aerospace engine inspections.

FROM↗

NASA NTRS2009

A Landsat-Based Assessment of Mobile Bay Land Use and Land Cover Change from 1974 to 2008

The Mobile Bay region has experienced noteworthy land use and land cover (LULC) change in the latter half of the 20th century. Accompanying this change has been urban expansion and a reduction of rural land uses. Much of this LULC change has reportedly occurred since the landfall of Hurricane Frederic in 1979. The Mobile Bay region provides great economic and ecologic benefits to the Nation, including important coastal habitat for a broad diversity of fisheries and wildlife. Regional urbanization threatens the estuary s water quality and aquatic-habitat dependent biota, including commercial fisheries and avian wildlife. Coastal conservation and urban land use planners require additional information on historical LULC change to support coastal habitat restoration and resiliency management efforts. This presentation discusses results of a Gulf of Mexico Application Pilot project that was conducted in 2008 to quantify and assess LULC change from 1974 to 2008. This project was led by NASA Stennis Space Center and involved multiple Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) partners, including the Mobile Bay National Estuary Program (NEP), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA s) National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), and the NOAA Coastal Services Center. Nine Landsat images were employed to compute LULC products because of their availability and suitability for the application. The project also used Landsat-based national LULC products, including coastal LULC products from NOAA s Coastal Change & Analysis Program (C-CAP), available at 5-year intervals since 1995. Our study was initiated in part because C-CAP LULC products were not available to assess the region s urbanization prior to 1995 and subsequent to post Hurricane Katrina in 2006. This project assessed LULC change across the 34-year time frame and at decadal and middecadal scales. The study area included the majority of Mobile and Baldwin counties that encompass Mobile Bay. In doing so, each date of Landsat data was classified using an end-user defined modified Anderson level 1 classification scheme. LULC classifications were refined using a decision rule approach in conjunction with available C-CAP products. Individual dates of LULC classifications were validated by image interpretation of stratified random locations on raw Landsat color composite imagery in combination with higher resolution remote sensing and in-situ reference data. The results indicate that during the 34-year study period, urban areas increased from 96,688 to 150,227 acres, representing a 55.37% increase, or 1.63% per annum. Most of the identified urban expansion results from conversion of rural forest and agriculture to urban cover types. Final LULC mapping and metadata products were produced for the entire study area as well as watersheds of concern within the study area. Final project products, including LULC trend information, were incorporated into the Mobile Bay NEP State of the Bay report. Products and metadata were transferred to NOAA NCDDC to allow free online accessibility and use by GOMA partners and by the public.

Spruce, Joseph↗

NASA NTRS2011

Advanced Networks in Motion Mobile Sensorweb

Advanced mobile networking technology applicable to mobile sensor platforms was developed, deployed and demonstrated. A two-tier sensorweb design was developed. The first tier utilized mobile network technology to provide mobility. The second tier, which sits above the first tier, utilizes 6LowPAN (Internet Protocol version 6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) sensors. The entire network was IPv6 enabled. Successful mobile sensorweb system field tests took place in late August and early September of 2009. The entire network utilized IPv6 and was monitored and controlled using a remote Web browser via IPv6 technology. This paper describes the mobile networking and 6LowPAN sensorweb design, implementation, deployment and testing as well as wireless systems and network monitoring software developed to support testing and validation.

Ivancic, William D.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Using Remotely Sensed Data and Watershed and Hydrodynamic Models to Evaluate the Effects of Land Cover Land Use Change on Aquatic Ecosystems in Mobile Bay, AL

Alabama coastal systems have been subjected to increasing pressure from a variety of activities including urban and rural development, shoreline modifications, industrial activities, and dredging of shipping and navigation channels. The impacts on coastal ecosystems are often observed through the use of indicator species. One such indicator species for aquatic ecosystem health is submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Watershed and hydrodynamic modeling has been performed to evaluate the impact of land cover land use (LCLU) change in the two counties surrounding Mobile Bay (Mobile and Baldwin) on SAV stressors and controlling factors (temperature, salinity, and sediment) in the Mobile Bay estuary. Watershed modeling using the Loading Simulation Package in C++ (LSPC) was performed for all watersheds contiguous to Mobile Bay for LCLU scenarios in 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030. Remotely sensed Landsat-derived National Land Cover Data (NLCD) were used in the 1992 and 2001 simulations after having been reclassified to a common classification scheme. The Prescott Spatial Growth Model was used to project the 2030 LCLU scenario based on current trends. The LSPC model simulations provided output on changes in flow, temperature, and sediment for 22 discharge points into the estuary. These results were inputted in the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code (EFDC) hydrodynamic model to generate data on changes in temperature, salinity, and sediment on a grid throughout Mobile Bay and adjacent estuaries. The changes in the aquatic ecosystem were used to perform an ecological analysis to evaluate the impact on SAV habitat suitability. This is the key product benefiting the Mobile Bay coastal environmental managers that integrates the influences of temperature, salinity, and sediment due to LCLU driven flow changes with the restoration potential of SAVs. Data products and results are being integrated into NOAA s EcoWatch and Gulf of Mexico Data Atlas online systems for dissemination to coastal resource managers and stakeholders.

Al-Hamdan, Mohammad Z.↗

NASA NTRS2014

Creating a Prototype Web Application for Spacecraft Real-Time Data Visualization on Mobile Devices

Mobile devices (smart phones, tablets) have become commonplace among almost all sectors of the workforce, especially in the technical and scientific communities. These devices provide individuals the ability to be constantly connected to any area of interest they may have, whenever and wherever they are located. The Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) is attempting to take advantage of this constant connectivity to extend the data visualization component of the Payload Operations and Integration Center (POIC) to a person's mobile device. POIC users currently have a rather unique capability to create custom user interfaces in order to view International Space Station (ISS) payload health and status telemetry. These displays are used at various console positions within the POIC. The Software Engineering team has created a Mobile Display capability that will allow authenticated users to view the same displays created for the console positions on the mobile device of their choice. Utilizing modern technologies including ASP.net, JavaScript, and HTML5, we have created a web application that renders the user's displays in any modern desktop or mobile web browser, regardless of the operating system on the device. Additionally, the application is device aware which enables it to render its configuration and selection menus with themes that correspond to the particular device. The Mobile Display application uses a communication mechanism known as signalR to push updates to the web client. This communication mechanism automatically detects the best communication protocol between the client and server and also manages disconnections and reconnections of the client to the server. One benefit of this application is that the user can monitor important telemetry even while away from their console position. If expanded to the scientific community, this application would allow a scientist to view a snapshot of the state of their particular experiment at any time or place. Because the web application renders the displays that can currently be created with the POIC ground system, the user can tailor their displays for a particular device using tools that they are already trained to use.

Lang, Jeremy S.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Air Mobility Data & Reasoning Fabric

Introduce mobility challenge, how air mobility can address the mobility challenge, then how an Air Mobility Data & Reasoning Fabric can enable the envisioned future air mobility. Poses the question of what is an effective role for NASA in enabling an Air Mobility Data & Reasoning Fabric.

Van Dalsem, William R.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Transforming Energy Through Sustainable Mobility: Expanding Low-Carbon Transportation R&D Solutions

As the nation's premier laboratory for cutting-edge transportation decarbonization research and development solutions, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) pioneers the creation and deployment of sustainable mobility technologies and strategies, with a focus on slashing transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions and combatting climate change. Trucks, planes, cargo ships, and other difficult-to-decarbonize vehicles are part of this essential transition for the transportation sector, which is currently the nation's largest source of the greenhouse gas emissions. NREL provides the scientific building blocks needed to spur innovation through multifaceted analysis, research, and engineering. This work acts as a catalyst to help industry bring affordable, high-performance, energy-efficient, and low-emission modes of transport and related infrastructure to market sooner. Our researchers collaborate closely with academic, government, and industry partners to design better batteries, drivetrains, and engines. They develop technologies for high-power charging, thermal management, energy storage, and power electronics. They are also reimagining fuels and combustion while creating sustainable lightweight materials. Unbiased expert guidance - backed by credible data and analysis, tools, and scientific rigor - empowers partners to make informed decisions about sustainable transportation. NREL recognizes that communities with limited mobility options face reduced access to employment opportunities, health care, and education, lowering overall quality of life. Alongside partners, NREL experts are creating transportation solutions that meet community-identified needs and increase mobility equity in historically underserved and overburdened communities. Rather than providing a one-size-fits-all solution, we take an interdisciplinary approach to mobility equity that considers the needs and challenges of diverse groups, maximizing benefits at the individual, community, and societal levels.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Interdependence in active mobility adoption: Joint modeling and motivational spillover in walking, cycling and bike-sharing

Active mobility offers an array of physical, emotional, and social well-being benefits. However, with the proliferation of the sharing economy, new nonmotorized means of transport are entering the fold, complementing some existing mobility options while competing with others. The purpose of this research study is to investigate the adoption of three active travel modes—namely walking, cycling, and bikesharing—in a joint modeling framework. Here, the analysis is based on an adaptation of the stages of change framework, which originates from the health behavior sciences. Multivariate ordered probit modeling drawing on U.S. survey data provides well-needed insights into individuals’ preparedness to adopt multiple active modes as a function of personal, neighborhood, and psychosocial factors. The research suggests three important findings. (1) The joint model structure confirms interdependence among different active mobility choices. The strongest complementarity is found for walking and cycling adoption. (2) Each mode has a distinctive adoption path with either three or four separate stages. We discuss the implications of derived stage-thresholds and plot adoption contours for selected scenarios. (3) Psychological and neighborhood variables generate more coupling among active modes than individual and household factors. Specifically, identifying strongly with active mobility aspirations, experiences with multimodal travel, possessing better navigational skills, along with supportive local community norms are the factors that appear to drive the joint adoption decisions. This study contributes to the understanding of how decisions within the same functional domain are related and help to design policies that promote active mobility by identifying positive spillovers and joint determinants.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Preliminary Evaluation of National Campaign Scenarios for Urban Air Mobility

Urban Air Mobility and Advanced Air Mobility concepts offer a novel method for transportation of passengers and cargo. Whereas the concept may reduce congestion of roads and highways, it also introduces new complexity to the National Airspace in terms of management of such operations. NASA, in partnership with FAA and industry, approaches these complexities with research and development activities such as flight tests and simulations, in order to better understand the impacts and necessary mechanisms by which these operations could be integrated. One example of such research and development activity that NASA is conducting is the Advanced Air Mobility National Campaign effort. Flight-test scenarios were proposed as part of the National Campaign and tested in simulation for evaluation with industry partners prior to the Flight test. This simulation, exercised as an engineering evaluation, provided a data collection opportunity to better understand what iterations and modifications would be needed to successfully demonstrate the flight-test scenarios in order to mature the concept of Urban Air Mobility and Advanced Air Mobility.

urban air mobility↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Preliminary Evaluation of National Campaign Scenarios for Urban Air Mobility

Urban Air Mobility↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Multi-Dimensional Benefit Assessment of Automated Mobility Platforms (AMP) for Large Facilities

Automated Mobility Platform (AMP) is a general term for intelligently managed passenger mobility systems that leverage automation and electrification to improve system performance and sustainability through the integration of real-time data streams with advanced decision-making processes tailored for use in large facilities. Using airports as an example, the rapid growth in air travel demand has led to facility expansions and congested terminals, which directly impacts equity (e.g., increased challenges for passengers with reduced mobility [PRMs]) and sustainability - both of which are important metrics often neglected during the engineering design process. Therefore, to evaluate systems and inform critical decisions more effectively, a holistic evaluation framework is proposed that includes equity, sustainability, and infrastructure perspectives - referred to as a multidimensional benefit assessment. More specifically, the following analysis focuses on: (1) mobility, with emphasis on travel time and accessibility within an airport, contrasting existing systems with the proposed AMP system; (2) equity analysis, specifically to the PRM community, but with an eye to the whole of society; (3) energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with intra-airport mobility, comparing and contrasting modes as well as impacts on overall airport operations efficiency; and (4) fundamental changes in building design enabled by AMPs for larger and more flexible, functional, and energy-efficient structures.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2024

High Mobility, High Carrier Density SnSe 2 Field‐Effect Transistors with Ultralow Subthreshold Swing and Gate‐Controlled Photoconductance Switching

2D and layered semiconductors are considered as promising electronic materials, particularly for applications that require high carrier mobility and efficient field-effect switching combined with mechanical flexibility. To date, however, the highest mobility has been realized primarily at low carrier concentration. Here, it is shown that few-layer/multilayer SnSe 2 gated by a solution top gate combines very high room-temperature electron mobility (up to 800 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ), along with large on-off current ratios (>10 5 ) and a subthreshold swing below the thermodynamic limit (50 mV per decade) in field-effect devices, at exceptionally large sheet carrier concentrations of ≈10 13 cm −2 . Observed mobility enhancements upon partial depletion of the channel point to near-surface defects or impurities as the mobility-limiting scattering centers. Under illumination, the resulting gap states give rise to gate-controlled switching between positive and negative photoconductance. The results qualify SnSe 2 as a promising layered semiconductor for flexible and wearable electronics, as well as for the realization of advanced approaches to photodetection.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

High Mobility and Electrostatics in GeSn Quantum Wells With SiGeSn Barriers

GeSn is an emerging material with potential applications in next‐generation integrated optoelectronics and quantum information processing. While GeSn/SiGeSn quantum wells exhibit promising optical properties, their electrical transport characteristics and governing electrostatics in gated structures remain unexplored. Heterostructure field‐effect transistors are fabricated using GeSn/SiGeSn quantum wells and electronic transport properties of 2D holes are characterized. At 2 K, heterostructure field‐effect transistors with well/barrier compositions of Ge 0.945 Sn 0.055 /Si 0.03 Ge 0.93 Sn 0.04 and Ge 0.9 Sn 0.1 /Si 0.017 Ge 0.927 Sn 0.056 , show peak mobilities of 9000 and 19 000 cm 2 /Vs, respectively, the latter setting a record for the highest mobility reported for GeSn quantum wells with a Sn concentration around 6 % or greater. Remarkably, at low carrier densities, devices with a SiGeSn barrier exhibit mobilities several times higher than previously reported for GeSn quantum wells with a Ge barrier. This higher mobility contrasts with the expectation that alloy scattering from the barrier would reduce carrier mobility. Two mechanisms based on atom probe tomography data analyses are proposed: i) unintentionally improved SiGeSn/GeSn interface and/or ii) reduced alloy scattering from short‐range order. Significant current–voltage hysteresis is observed, with the effective threshold gate voltage shifting by more than 5 V, attributed to non‐equilibrium trapped charge at various interfaces within the SiGeSn heterostructure.

GeSn↗

DOE OSTI2022

Molecular dynamics studies of grain boundary mobility and anisotropy in BCC γ-uranium

Grain morphologies such as grain size and aspect ratio in uranium-based metallic fuels are important microstructural features that can impact various fuel performance properties such as fission-gas-induced swelling, thermal transport, high burnup structure formation, and radiation resistance. Accurate prediction of the fuel grain morphologies requires knowledge of critical grain growth parameters such as grain boundary (GB) mobility and anisotropy. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the GB mobility and its anisotropy in pure body-centered-cubic (BCC) γ uranium. Nine GBs with different combinations of misorientation angles (20°, 30°, 45°) and rotation axes (<100>, <110>, <111>), as well as an additional <111> 38.2° GB were studied using three interatomic potentials. Here, it is found that the GB mobility anisotropy has complex trends, depending on both rotation axis and misorientation. However, in general the <110> rotation axis has the fastest GB mobility at the same misorientation. The results of this work can be used as not only baselines for future studies of GB mobility in uranium-based alloys such as uranium-molybdenum (U-Mo) fuels, but also input for mesoscale modeling of grain growth in uranium-based alloys.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Identification of Unique Fragmentation Patterns of Fentanyl Analog Protomers Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations Ion Mobility-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

The opioid crisis in the United States is being fueled by the rapid emergence of new fentanyl analogs and precursors that can elude traditional library-based screening methods, which require data from known reference compounds. Since reference compounds are unavailable for new fentanyl analogs, we examined if fentanyls (fentanyl + fentanyl analogs) could be identified in a reference-free manner using a combination of electrospray ionization (ESI), high-resolution ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), and higher-energy collision-induced dissociation (MS/MS). We analyzed a mixture containing nine fentanyls and W-15 (a structurally similar molecule) and found that the protonated forms of all fentanyls uniquely exhibited two baseline separated IM distributions that produced different MS/MS patterns. Upon fragmentation, both IM distributions of all fentanyls produced two high intensity fragments resulting from amine site cleavages. The higher mobility distributions of all fentanyls also produced several low intensity fragments, but surprisingly, these same fragments exhibited much greater intensities in the lower mobility distributions. This observation demonstrates that many fragments of fentanyls predominantly originate from one of two different gas-phase structures (suggestive of protomers). Furthermore, increasing the water concentration in the ESI solution increased the intensity of the lower mobility distribution relative to the higher mobility distribution, which further supports that fentanyls exist as two gas-phase protomers. In conclusion, our new observations on the IM and MS/MS properties of fentanyls can be exploited to positively identify them as fentanyls without requiring reference libraries and will hopefully assist first responders and law enforcement in combating new and emerging fentanyls.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Elucidating the Gas-Phase Behavior of Nitazene Analog Protomers Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations Ion Mobility-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

2-benzylbenzimidazoles, or “nitazenes”, are a class of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) that are increasingly being detected alongside fentanyl analogs and other opioids in drug overdose cases. Nitazenes can be 20x more potent than fentanyl but are not routinely tested for during postmortem or clinical toxicology drug screens; thus, their prevalence in drug overdose cases may be under-reported. Traditional analytical workflows utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) often require additional confirmation with authentic reference standards to identify a novel nitazene. However, additional analytical measurements with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) may provide a path towards reference-free identification, which would greatly accelerate NSO identification rates in toxicology labs. Presented here are the first IMS and collision cross section (CCS) measurements on a set of fourteen nitazene analogs using a Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM)-Orbitrap MS. All nitazenes exhibited two high intensity baseline-separated IMS distributions, which fentanyls and other drug and drug-like compounds also exhibit. Incorporating water into the electrospray ionization (ESI) solution caused the intensities of the higher mobility IMS distributions to increase the intensities of the lower mobility IMS distributions to decrease. Nitazenes lacking a nitro group at the R1 position exhibited the greatest shifts in signal intensities due to water. Furthermore, IMS-MS/MS experiments showed that the higher mobility IMS distributions of all nitazenes produced fragment ions with m/z 72, 100, and other low intensity fragments while the lower mobility IMS distributions only produced fragment ions with m/z 72 and 100. The IMS, solvent, and fragmentation studies provide experimental evidence that nitazenes potentially exhibit three gas-phase protomers. In conclusion, the cyclic IMS capability of SLIM was also employed to partially resolve four sets of structurally similar nitazene isomers (e.g., protonitazene/isotonitazene, butonitazene/isobutonitazene/secbutonitazene), showcasing the potential of using high-resolution IMS separations in MS-based workflows for reference-free identification of emerging nitazenes and other NSOs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗