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At least 181 records · Page 10

A Miniaturized, High-Bandwidth Optical Fiber Fabry–Perot Cavity Vibration Sensor Demonstrated up to 800 °C

A typical structural health monitoring technique involves measuring the vibrational characteristics of components or systems to detect signs of degradation or damage. Many industrial applications require engineered systems to safely operate under extreme, high-temperature environments that pose challenges not only to materials but also to sensors that would be used for structural health monitoring. Here, in this study, miniaturized optical Fabry-Perot cavities (FPCs) were developed and tested as a means of measuring the resonant frequencies of metal components that are most relevant to extreme-environment applications. Two of the three candidate FPC designs tested up to 800 ° C provided accurate measurements (validated by theoretical models and laser Doppler vibrometry) of the fundamental vibrational mode of the specimen to which each was bonded, although both sensors failed during thermal cycling. An analysis of the reflected optical spectrum from the FPC and X-ray computed tomography revealed two opportunities to improve the sensor reliability. First, the Cu optical fiber coating that was used could either be replaced with a more oxidation-resistant material or protected with commercially available films. Second, the adhesives used to bond the fibers to metal capillaries and establish the FPC could be replaced with a more robust solution, although the Resbond 907TS adhesive appeared to outperform Resbond 907.

Birri, Anthony [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORN↗

Miniature Crack or Damage Detection on Cable Insulation and Jacket Using Conformal Surface Wave Reflectometry

This letter introduces the study and application of a conformal surface wave launcher array to detect miniature insulation and/or jacket damage on unshielded cables. Here simulation and experimental results are presented that demonstrate that with the proposed concept very small instances of damage at various distances along power cables can be detected. Effects of damage detection feasibility in the presence of other cables in proximity and for cables containing semiconducting screen are also presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Miniaturized Millimeter-Wave Multilayer Filter Design Using Additive Manufacturing

Here, this article presents an innovative, fully additive manufactured approach to millimeter-wave multilayer circuits. An aerosol jet printer is used to fabricate a multilayer stepped-impedance low-pass filter. By leveraging the second layer for miniaturization, we achieve a more compact design. By precisely controlling conductor separation and utilizing 3-D printing technology, we were able to optimize the width of the high- and low-impedance segments for optimal filter performance. Two filter types were successfully fabricated: a low-pass microstrip filter and a low-pass stripline filter, both with a cutoff frequency near 29 GHz and exhibiting acceptable stopband attenuation. The stripline configuration allows for a 36% decrease in the stripline waveguide conductor area while achieving a great passband insertion loss of just 0.62 dB, enabled by aerosol jet printing (AJP). The line loss of both designs was characterized using a microstrip through line and a stripline through line. Both designs demonstrated low overall loss, with the microstrip line exhibiting a loss of 0.26 dB/mm and the stripline having a loss of 0.37 dB/mm at 29 GHz. This work demonstrates a multilayer integration solution and offers an advantage in reducing the size of RF circuits such as filter banks for next-generation integrated RF front ends.

additive manufacturing↗

Post-Irradiation Evaluation of Eurofer97 Fracture Toughness Using Miniature Multinotch Bend Bar Specimens

In this study, we performed fracture toughness characterization of ten neutron-irradiated Eurofer97 variants using precracked miniature multi-notch bend bar (M4CVN) specimens based on the Master Curve method in the ASTM E1921 standard. The neutron irradiation was performed in the flux trap position of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with the nominal irradiation temperature of 300°C and irradiation dose of 2.5 displacements per atom (dpa). Depending on the irradiation temperature and materials, we observed different degrees of irradiation hardening and embrittlement for ten Eurofer97 variants. The upper shift in the Master Curve reference temperature T0Q vs. the increase in Vickers microhardness values showed a liner relationship for only a few materials indicating different irradiation responses of the Eurofer97 variants.

Chen, Xiang↗

Miniaturize the Redox Flow Battery for Accelerated Materials Discovery and Development

Redox flow batteries are a promising technology for grid-scale energy storage. The aqueous organic redox flow battery is of particular interest for its potentially low material cost and sustainability. Developing novel organic active material for flow battery electrolytes typically entails molecular engineering toward desired properties, necessitating organic synthesis. In a research laboratory setting, the synthesis of specifically designed organic molecules featuring targeted functional groups is time and resources intensive. In the past, synthesizing materials required for battery testing has often required gram-scale production, presenting considerable constraints on the pace of novel organic material discovery. In this report, we introduce a miniaturized cell design that mandates only milligram-scale material synthesis while yielding testing outcomes equivalent or superior to those reported with other commercially available or homemade flow cells in the literature. The test results under various pH conditions validate the scale-down strategy to accelerate the flow battery material discovery and development using the newly designed mini cell. This approach offers researchers an efficient means to notably reduce the time and resources required to develop novel materials for flow batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Miniaturized integrated spectrometer using a silicon ring-grating design

We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a miniaturized integrated spectrometer operating over a broad bandwidth in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectrum that combines an add-drop ring resonator narrow band filter with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) based broadband filter realized in a silicon photonic platform. The contra-directional coupling DBR filter in this design consists of a pair of waveguide sidewall gratings that act as a broadband filter (i.e., 3.9 nm). The re-directed beam is then fed into the ring resonator which functions as a narrowband filter (i.e., 0.121 nm). In this scheme the free spectral range (FSR) limitation of the ring resonator is overcome by using the DBR as a filter to isolate a single ring resonance line. The overall design of the spectrometer is further simplified by simultaneously tuning both components through the thermo-optic effect. Moreover, several ring-grating spectrometer cells with different central wavelengths can be stacked in cascade in order to cover a broader spectrum bandwidth. This can be done by centering each unit cell on a different center wavelength such that the maximum range of one-unit cell corresponds to the minimum range of the next unit cell. This configuration enables high spectral resolution over a large spectral bandwidth and high extinction ratio (ER), making it suitable for a wide variety of applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗

A miniaturized feedstocks-to-fuels pipeline for screening the efficiency of deconstruction and microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass

Sustainably grown biomass is a promising alternative to produce fuels and chemicals and reduce the dependency on fossil energy sources. However, the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and bioproducts often requires extensive testing of components and reaction conditions used in the pretreatment, saccharification, and bioconversion steps. This restriction can result in a significant and unwieldy number of combinations of biomass types, solvents, microbial strains, and operational parameters that need to be characterized, turning these efforts into a daunting and time-consuming task. Here we developed a high-throughput feedstocks-to-fuels screening platform to address these challenges. The result is a miniaturized semi-automated platform that leverages the capabilities of a solid handling robot, a liquid handling robot, analytical instruments, and a centralized data repository, adapted to operate as an ionic-liquid-based biomass conversion pipeline. The pipeline was tested by using sorghum as feedstock, the biocompatible ionic liquid cholinium phosphate as pretreatment solvent, a “one-pot” process configuration that does not require ionic liquid removal after pretreatment, and an engineered strain of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides that produces the jet-fuel precursor bisabolene as a conversion microbe. By the simultaneous processing of 48 samples, we show that this configuration and reaction conditions result in sugar yields (~70%) and bisabolene titers (~1500 mg/L) that are comparable to the efficiencies observed at larger scales but require only a fraction of the time. We expect that this Feedstocks-to-Fuels pipeline will become an effective tool to screen thousands of bioenergy crop and feedstock samples and assist process optimization efforts and the development of predictive deconstruction approaches.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Non-visual analysis of miniaturized melt wire arrays for in-pile measurement of peak irradiation temperature

As a part of the in-pile instrumentation program, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has established in-house capabilities to fabricate and test new advanced manufactured printed sensors for measurement of peak temperature inside the harsh environment of a nuclear test reactor. Although nuclear test reactors may use standard methods that can provide real-time temperature information, such as thermocouples, the need for feedthroughs for real-time measurements greatly increases the cost of the experiment. Some experiments also present the problem of limited space available for instrumentation. To address this need, INL is working to improve temperature detection options for such applications. The lab is developing advanced manufactured melt wire arrays to determine peak temperatures in experiments with limited space. Furthermore, capabilities to print multiple melt wires with different melting properties on a single miniaturized unit is being established. Recent results and knowledge from this ongoing work have made it possible to develop unique temperature sensors that can accomplish user specific temperature ranges inside the harsh environments experienced during radiation testing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometers (mSHRS): Toward highly miniature chemical sensors for deployment on moving platforms (Final Report, Phase I)

This report covers phase 1 (year 1) of the mSHRS project. Our ultimate long-term goal is to develop highly miniature Raman analyzers, known as spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRS), that are deployable as in-situ chemical sensors on moving platforms. During Phase I (FY19/20) funding, our team focused our efforts solely on the key innovation needed toward realizing that goal: the development of the monolithic interferometer comprising the beam splitter and gratings with the appropriate design parameters and tolerances to enable Raman interferometry. We successfully developed and characterized the performance of the first monolithic SHRS devices including a monolithic version that incorporates field-widened optics. Our solid-state design approach integrated all optical components as a single monolithic unit for maintaining precise optical alignment during sensor operation, a requirement for operating in a vibration prone environment. This project has two principle activities: (1) Design and fabricate monolithic SHRS devices (i.e. monolithic device task) and (2) characterize the mSHRS devices in terms of performance (i.e. the Monolithic SHRS characterization task).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Miniaturized Optical Particle Counter (MOPC) Instrument Handbook

The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) aerosol counting, composition, extinction, and sizing system (ACCESS) includes a base module (9400), a filter sampler (9401), an advanced mixing condensation particle counter (MCPC, 9403), a miniaturized optical particle counter (mOPC, 9405), and a single-channel tricolor absorption photometer (STAP, 9406). This handbook focuses on the mOPC, which measures the aerosol particle size distribution between 0.19 and 3 μm.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Modeling a Miniature Voitenko-Like Explosively-Driven Shock Tube Using FLAG

Using the FLAG hydrocode, hypervelocity plasma jets observed in miniature explosively–driven shock tube experiments have been modeled with a relative error in velocity of less than 5% (a reduction from previous attempts which yielded errors of 37%). This suggests that FLAG may be well-suited to model HE systems involving the acceleration of gases through complex crack systems in HE devices: A phenomenon not accurately captured using current modeling capabilities. The Eulerian hydrocode model presented here leverages AMR to reduce computational cost and, importantly, it was found that mesh resolution and model geometry each significantly affected the average jet velocity. The model and the results are detailed here together with comments on challenges during its development and avenues for future work.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A Miniaturized Ignition Screening Rapid Compression Machine for probing low-to-intermediate temperature chemistry

With an objective to achieve net-zero emissions by no later than 2050, biofuels hold enormous potential as sustainable, renewable fuels that can be produced on a large scale. However, fuels of a similar type, derived from limited feedstock batch can dramatically vary in terms of their chemical structures and compositions, causing significant differences in physicochemical properties mainly influencing ignition-relevant properties. Rigorous prescreening and testing efforts are involved to evaluate fuels to comply with engines equipped with advanced combustion modes. The testing of some of these fuels implies low quantity fuel samples, access to relevant temperature and pressure conditions, high reproducibility, and a high throughput rate. In light of these considerations, a Miniaturized Ignition Screening Rapid Compression Machine (MISR) has been developed and built at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC). Some design features include a smaller bellows-actuated driver section compared to other RCM designs, an adjustable brake section, and full optical access. The setup is designed to achieve reaction conditions (T > 600K and P < 100 bar with repetition rates of about 8 seconds per experiment). These conditions are relevant to low-to-intermediate temperature auto-ignition and can generate data for developing relevant chemical kinetics models or ignition maps. A brief insight into MISR design and its operating mechanism is shown. Also, to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the MISR, Ignition Delay (I.D) experiments for ethanol fuel at different equivalence ratios (Φ) are discussed in the context of plans with additional optical diagnostics, high-speed imaging, and gas sampling experiments.

Tomar, Mukul↗

Combustion Performance and Emissions Optimization Through Integration of a Miniaturized High-Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of coal-fired utility boilers in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. This project leveraged the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system and the new sensor design is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data is transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, five mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, Basin Electric Power Cooperative’s Leland Olds Unit 1. The systems were demonstrated over a 6-week period during typical operation. Sensor measurements of deposit thickness were validated during the demonstration and subsequently leveraged to determine sensor-based boiler cleaning strategies. These strategies have the benefit of reduced thermal stresses on boiler tubes from over-cleaning and improved boiler water management. At the end of the project, continued development of the sensor technology was carried out at PacifiCorp’s Hunter Station. REI leveraged the permanent installation of the mMPMS in Unit 3 made possible by DOE funding on a separate program. The work at Hunter Plant focused on application of machine learning and artificial intelligence-based models for integration of sensor signals into control and optimization of Hunter Unit 3 processes.

Advanced Sensors, Corrosion, Ash Deposition, Optim↗

Combustion Performance and Emissions Optimization through Integration of Miniaturized High Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of coal-fired utility boilers in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. The new sensor design, leveraging the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system, is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data can be transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, five mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, Basin Electric Power Cooperative’s Leland Olds Unit 1. The systems were demonstrated over a 6-week period during typical operation. Sensor measurements of deposit thickness were validated during the demonstration and subsequently leveraged to determine sensor-based boiler cleaning strategies. These strategies have the benefit of reduced thermal stresses on boiler tubes from over-cleaning and improved boiler water management. At the end of the project, continued development of the sensor technology was carried out at PacifiCorp’s Hunter Station. REI leveraged the permanent installation of the mMPMS in Unit 3 made possible by DOE funding on a separate program. The work at Hunter Plant focused on application of machine learning and artificial intelligence-based models for integration of sensor signals into control and optimization of Hunter Unit 3 processes.

Advanced Sensors, Corrosion, Ash Deposition, Optim↗

Combustion Performance and Emissions Optimization Through Integration of a Miniaturized High-Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of coal-fired utility boilers in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. The new sensor design, leveraging the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system, is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data can be transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, five mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, Basin Electric Power Cooperative’s Leland Olds Unit 1. The systems were demonstrated over a 6-week period during typical operation. Sensor measurements of deposit thickness were validated during the demonstration and subsequently leveraged to determine sensor-based boiler cleaning strategies. These strategies have the benefit of reduced thermal stresses on boiler tubes from over-cleaning and improved boiler water management. At the end of the project, continued development of the sensor technology was carried out at PacifiCorp’s Hunter Station. REI leveraged the permanent installation of the mMPMS in Unit 3 made possible by DOE funding on a separate program. The work at Hunter Plant focused on application of machine learning and artificial intelligence-based models for integration of sensor signals into control and optimization of Hunter Unit 3 processes.

Advanced Sensors, Corrosion, Ash Deposition, Optim↗

Development of Miniaturized High Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of coal-fired utility boilers in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. This project leveraged the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system and the new sensor design is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data is transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, the three mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, PacifiCorp’s Hunter 3. The systems were demonstrated over 20,000 hours at the plant during regular operation. Also, the sensor data was fed to the plant’s advanced process control system to evaluate the corrosion control by the operation changes and utilized to understand the impacts of load cycling with different ramping up and down speeds. At the end of the project, the systems were converted to the permanent installation at the power plant to be used with the advanced process control system installed at the plant.

Advanced Sensors, Corrosion, Ash Deposition, Optim↗

A. Development of Miniaturized High Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of coal-fired utility boilers in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. This project leveraged the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system and the new sensor design is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data is transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, the three mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, PacifiCorp’s Hunter 3. The systems were demonstrated over 20,000 hours at the plant during regular operation. Also, the sensor data was fed to the plant’s advanced process control system to evaluate the corrosion control by the operation changes and utilized to understand the impacts of load cycling with different ramping up and down speeds. At the end of the project, the systems were converted to the permanent installation at the power plant to be used with the advanced process control system installed at the plant.

Advanced Sensors, Corrosion, Ash Deposition, Optim↗

Combustion Performance and Emissions Optimization Through Integration of a Miniaturized High-Temperature Multi Process Monitoring System

The main objective of this research program is to design, manufacture, and demonstrate a miniaturized, multi-process, monitoring system (mMPMS) for boiler condition management and easy system deployment to obtain a higher spatial resolution of wall conditions in utility boilers. This system will facilitate a Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) philosophy that actively monitors the health of assets to predict and prevent failures and maximize availability and generating capacity at a reduced cost. CBM systems can provide boiler data that the advanced process control (APC) system can utilize for plant performance optimization, which is increasingly relevant as coal power plants shift from predominantly base-load operation to predominantly transient operation involving large load swings. The mMPMS is based on an electrochemical sensor that provides a real-time indication of the risk of damage to key locations in the radiant or convective section of a coal-fired boiler such as metal loss rates, heat flux, metal surface temperature, and deposit thickness. These indications can be utilized to optimize boiler performance as well as improve boiler availability in conjunction with corresponding operating conditions. This monitoring system was developed and tested in the high-temperature regions of a coal-fired utility boiler in this project but can be applied to many other industries and applications as well. The new sensor design, leveraging the existing electrochemical noise-based monitoring system, is small enough to be installed through the webbing of the waterwalls without the need for long shut-downs to bend tubes and to make it feasible to obtain high spatial resolution in the boiler. Data can be transferred to the plant distributed control system (DCS) and any other control system. The sensor body that houses the sensor assembly was designed to ensure good conductive contact with boiler tubes to ensure the sensor is held at an identical temperature to the tube surface temperature. The data acquisition and signal conditioning modules were redesigned into a small footprint with optimized cooling of the module. System software was developed specifically for the new signal conditioning module and is compatible with plant PLCs. After the preliminary testing at a pilot-scale facility, five mMPMS were installed at a full-scale pulverized coal-fired plant, Basin Electric Power Cooperative’s Leland Olds Unit 1. The systems were demonstrated over a 6-week period during typical operation. Sensor measurements of deposit thickness were validated during the demonstration and subsequently leveraged to determine sensor-based boiler cleaning strategies. These strategies have the benefit of reduced thermal stresses on boiler tubes from over-cleaning and improved boiler water management. At the end of the project, continued development of the sensor technology was carried out at PacifiCorp’s Hunter Station. REI leveraged the permanent installation of the mMPMS in Unit 3 made possible by DOE funding on a separate program. The work at Hunter Plant focused on application of machine learning and artificial intelligence-based models for integration of sensor signals into control and optimization of Hunter Unit 3 processes.

42 ENGINEERING↗