Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “low observability”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10

Signatures of ambient pressure superconductivity in thin film La 3 Ni 2 O 7

Recently, the bilayer nickelate La 3 Ni 2 O 7 has been discovered as a new superconductor with transition temperature T c near 80 K under high pressure. Despite extensive theoretical and experimental work to understand the nature of its superconductivity, the requirement of extreme pressure restricts the use of many experimental probes and limits its application potential. Here, in this work, we present signatures of superconductivity in La 3 Ni 2 O 7 thin films at ambient pressure, facilitated by the application of epitaxial compressive strain. The onset T c varies approximately from 26 K to 42 K, with higher T c values correlating with smaller in-plane lattice constants. We observed the co-existence of other Ruddlesden-Popper phases within the films and dependence of transport behavior with ozone annealing, suggesting that the observed low zero resistance T c of around 2 K can be attributed to stacking defects, grain boundaries, and oxygen stoichiometry. This finding initiates numerous opportunities to stabilize and study superconductivity in bilayer nickelates at ambient pressure, and to facilitate the broad understanding of the ever-growing number of high temperature and unconventional superconductors in the transition metal oxides.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The role of surfaces in flexoelectricity

We develop the relationship between the strain derivative of the mean-inner potential and surface contributions to flexoelectricity, identifying the true surface-specific component of the flexoelectric response of finite samples. Density functional theory calculations on a range of experimentally observed, low energy SrTiO 3 , MgO, and Si surfaces demonstrate that the mean-inner potential and its contributions to flexoelectricity are sensitive to small differences in surface structure, chemistry, and adsorbates. We also introduce a method to estimate mean-inner potential contributions to flexoelectricity using electron scattering factors and use this approximation to predict total flexoelectric responses for a variety of insulators. Strategies to experimentally disentangle bulk and surface flexoelectric terms are also discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

An improved framework for the dynamic likelihood filtering approach to data assimilation

Here, we propose improvements to the Dynamic Likelihood Filter (DLF), a Bayesian data assimilation filtering approach, specifically tailored to wave problems. The DLF approach was developed to address the common challenge in the application of data assimilation to hyperbolic problems in the geosciences and in engineering, where observation systems are sparse in space and time. When these observations have low uncertainties, as compared to model uncertainties, the DLF exploits the inherent nature of information and uncertainties to propagate along characteristics to produce estimates that are phase aware as well as amplitude aware, as would be the case in the traditional data assimilation approach. Along characteristics, the stochastic partial differential equations underlying the linear or nonlinear stochastic dynamics are differential equations. This study focuses on developing the explicit challenges of relating dynamics and uncertainties in the Eulerian and Lagrangian frames via dynamic Gaussian processes. It also implements the approach using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and compares the DLF approach to the conventional one with respect to wave amplitude and phase estimates in linear and nonlinear wave problems. Numerical comparisons show that the DLF/EnKF outperforms the EnKF estimates, when applied to linear and nonlinear wave problems. This advantage is particularly noticeable when sparse, low uncertainty observations are used.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Vanishing dynamic strength measured in a transient high-pressure phase of tin

This work reports two independent experimental estimations of the dynamic strength of the body-centered tetragonal (bct) 𝛾 phase of tin, which occurs at pressures above about 9 GPa and transforms promptly back to the ambient 𝛽 phase upon pressure release. Measuring strength in such a transient high-pressure phase is challenging. One measurement used free-surface Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities generated with gas gun impact. Another set of measurements used ramp-release loading in a pulsed-power facility. Strength estimations came from comparison to simulations using a comprehensive multiphase modeling framework that includes equation of state, shear moduli, and strength separately for each phase, and treats mixed-phase regions. Both experimental methods found the 𝛾-phase strength to be very low, within experimental uncertainty of zero. The existing literature on other materials, by contrast, almost universally reports higher strength in transient high-pressure phases compared with ambient phases. Recent Molecular-Dynamics simulations on tin in the literature showed almost zero deviatoric strength during a deformation-induced bct → bct transformation in which one of the 𝛾-phase 𝑎 axes “flips” to the 𝑐 axis. This reorientation currently provides the most plausible explanation for the low observed strength in 𝛾-phase tin.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Characterization of n-Type Iodine-Doped and Indium-Doped CdTe/Cd-Se-Te Thin Films Fabricated by Close-Spaced Sublimation Epitaxy

In this study, n-type CdTe thin films, specifically iodine-doped CdTe (CdTe:I), indium-doped CdTe (CdTe:In), and indium-doped Cd-Se-Te (CST:In), were synthesized using close-spaced sublimation epitaxy (CSSE). Characterization techniques secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Hall-effect measurements, and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) were employed to analyze the chemical, structural, and electronic properties of these materials. The results indicated epitaxial single crystal CSSE films grew on the single crystal substrates, with carrier density ranging from 10^14 - 10^16 cm -3 , and after post-annealing, the minority-carrier lifetimes reach near the radiative limit. Additionally, a preliminary exploration of homojunction structures with an n- type (CdTe:In /CST:In /CdTe:I) /CdTe:P /Cu /Mo configuration was performed. The best device performance was achieved with CdTe:I including CdS aiding in band alignment, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (..eta..) of 2.61% with open circuit voltage (Voc) of 850 mV, fill factor (FF) of 47.8%, and short-circuit current (Jsc) of 6.44 mA/cm 2 . The observed low Jsc and efficiency may be attributed to a buried junction and a poor interface, due to dopant interdiffusion. Consequently, further investigations focusing on interface optimization, diffusion blocking, and reduced recombination through passivation, are crucial to enhancing the efficiency of CSSE CdTe homojunction devices in the future.

cadmium compounds↗

Trebiskyite, the First Titanium-Decavanadate Mineral

Abstract Trebiskyite, Na3Mg2[TiV9O28]·22H2O, from the Pickett Corral mine, Bull Canyon, Montrose County, Colorado, USA, is the first mineral containing essential Ti as a component of a decavanadate polyanion. Crystals are thin prisms or needles up to ∼0.3 mm in length, occurring as individuals and in divergent sprays. Trebiskyite crystals are translucent yellow with vitreous luster and pale-yellow streak and are non-fluorescent under both longwave and shortwave ultraviolet illumination. The crystals exhibit elongation on [001] and are modified by several 0kl prism forms, possibly corresponding to {010}, {011}, and {012}. The Mohs hardness is ca. 2 based on scratch tests. Crystals have brittle tenacity with irregular fracture. No apparent cleavage, nor twinning, was evident, and the mineral is readily soluble in H2O. The density measured by flotation in methylene iodide-toluene mixture is 2.38(2) g/cm3. The calculated density is 2.352 g/cm3 for the empirical formula and 2.343 g/cm3 for the ideal formula. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Na3.39Mg1.87V8.75Ti1.25O50H44.00, based on Ti + V = 10 apfu, O = 50 apfu, with the Na content having been determined from the refined crystal structure. Trebiskyite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.478(4), b = 21.426(11), c = 11.267(5) Å, β = 114.572(7)°, V = 2080.8(13) Å3, Z = 2. The structure was refined from 6642 reflections to a final R1 = 0.0517 for reflections I > 2σ(I). The structural unit of trebiskyite, (TiV9O28)7−, is built from a Ti-substituted decavanadate polyanion, (V10O28)6−, found in other members of the pascoite family. Chemically, trebiskyite is closely related to lasalite, Na2Mg2[V10O28]·20H2O, and huemulite, Na4Mg[V10O28]·24H2O; however, trebiskyite contains a novel structural arrangement that is unique among the decavanadate minerals. The interstitial complex in trebiskyite has the ideal formula {[Na3Mg2(H2O)19](H2O)3} and consists of chains of distorted octahedrally coordinated Na+ and regular Mg[O(H2O)5] octahedra. The observed low incident bond valence to the V1 site (4.45 vu) and marked deviation in vanadyl and V–Oeq bond lengths indicate that this site is host to the essential Ti4+ identified during chemical analyses.

Mineralogy↗

The 7.5- to 13.5-micron spectrum of Saturn

A medium-resolution spectrum of Saturn in the 7.5-13.5 micron range is presented. The observed low brightness temperature between 9 and 11 microns of about 100-105 K rules out gaseous NH3 as the dominant absorber in this spectral range. Absorption features due to PH3 may be present around 10 microns and cloud particles could be an important source of opacity in this wavelength range. There are strong indications of a temperature inversion in the upper atmosphere, including high brightness temperature in the 7.7-micron CH4 band, and possible emission from C2H6 around 12 microns.

Gillett, F. C.↗

Steady-state and transient operation of a heat-pipe radiator system

Data obtained on a VCHP heat-pipe radiator system tested in a vacuum environment were studied. Analyses and interpretation of the steady-state results are presented along with an initial analysis of some of the transient data. Particular emphasis was placed on quantitative comparisons of the experimental data with computer model simulations. The results of the study provide a better understanding of the system but do not provide a complete explanation for the observed low VCHP performance and the relatively flat radiator panel temperature distribution. The results of the study also suggest hardware, software, and testing improvements.

Sellers, J. P.↗

Effects of high doping levels on silicon solar cell performance

Open-circuit voltages measured in silicon solar cells made from 0.01 ohm-cm material are 150 mV lower than voltages calculated from simple diffusion theory and cannot be explained by poor diffusion lengths or surface leakage currents. An analytical study was made to determine whether high doping effects, which increase the intrinsic carrier concentration, could account for the low observed voltages and to determine the limits on voltage and efficiency imposed by high doping effects. The results indicate that the observed variation of voltage with base resistivity is predicted by these effects. A maximum efficiency of 19% (AMO) and a voltage of 0.7 volts were calculated for 0.1 ohm-cm cells assuming an optimum diffused layer impurity profile.

Godlewski, M. P.↗

Microwave emission from dry and wet snow

A microscopic model was developed to study the microwave emission from snow. In this model, the individual snow particles are considered to be the scattering centers. Mie scattering theory for spherical particles is then used to compute the volume scattering and extinction coefficients of the closely packed scattering spheres, which are assumed not to interact coherently. The results of the computations show significant volume scattering effects in the microwave region which result in low observed emissivities from cold, dry snow. In the case of wet snow, the microwave emissivities are increased considerably, in agreement with earlier experimental observations in which the brightness temperatures have increased significantly at the onset of melting.

Chang, T. C.↗

Experimental investigation of the excess charge and time constant of minority carriers in the thin diffused layer of 0.1 Ohm-cm silicon solar cells

The observed low open-circuit voltage in 0.1 Ohm-cm solar cells is probably related to an excessively high diode saturation current. Theoretical studies conducted by Lindholm et al. (1975) and by Godlewski et al. (1975) have shown that a high saturation current could be produced by either high recombination rates or bandgap narrowing effects. A description is given of an investigation which shows that bandgap narrowing effects have a first order significance in determining the charge carrier transport controlling the open-circuit voltage of 0.1 Ohm-cm silicon solar cells.

Godlewski, M. P.↗

The isotopic composition of cosmic-ray helium from 123 to 279 MeV per nucleon - A new measurement and analysis

A description is given of an experiment which was designed to measure the spectra and composition of cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium isotopes in the interval 120-280 MeV per nucleon to compare with the recent values observed at low energies and also with the only earlier measurement in this high-energy regime. The results presented were obtained during a high-altitude balloon flight from Thompson, Manitoba, in 1973 August. This flight occurred during the period in which the presence of the anomalous component in the helium spectrum became apparent, and provides the opportunity of determining whether this component extends to higher energies than those studied by satellite experiments. The results place an upper limit on the flux of 'anomalous' He-4 (which appeared at low energy in 1972) of at most 15% in the energy range of this experiment, and combined with the low-energy observations of the Chicago group, show an energy dependence of the average ratio of the helium isotopes in the modulated cosmic rays which is difficult to reconcile with current modulation models.

Leech, H. W.↗

Hydromagnetic dynamo in the cores of Uranus and Neptune

It is noted that the explanation of the origin of a magnetic field of Uranus is difficult because the structure of the planet's interior is not well known and the strong thermal flux, which is associated with the operation of hydromagnetic dynamos in Jupiter and Saturn, seems to be absent or very low. It is shown that the composition, physical state and electrical conductivity of the planet's core permits the generation of a magnetic field within the very low observational limits of its heat emission. Further, it is suggested that the higher density and higher pressures in the core of Neptune could explain the suspected absence of a measurable field on that planet even though it is a relatively strong source of heat.

Torbett, M.↗

Spatial structure of greater than 100 keV X-ray sources in solar flares

Recent ISEE 3 and Pioneer Venus Orbiter observations relevant to the altitude structure of the hard X-ray source down to 3000 km or less above the photosphere are reported. About 90 percent of the impulsive X-ray emission and about 70 percent of the gradual emission originates at altitudes 2500 km or less above the photosphere. In the 100-500 keV range, this altitude dependence is essentially independent of photon energy. Brightness of the impulsive X-ray source decreases rapidly with increase in altitude. As far as models of the impulsive phase are concerned, the thermal model with adiabatic compression and expansion of a magnetically confined plasma and the thin target model are not consistent with these observations. The thick target model and the dissipative thermal model are consistent with the observed low altitude of the hard X-ray source.

Kane, S. R.↗

Extinct radioactivities - A three-phase mixing model

A new class of models is advanced for interpreting the relationship of radioactive abundances in the early solar system to their average concentration in the interstellar medium. The model assumes that fresh radioactivities are ejected from supernovae into the hot interstellar medium, and that the time scales for changes of phase into molecular clouds determine how much survives for formation therein of the solar system. A more realistic and physically motivated understanding of the low observed concentrations of I-129, Pu-244, and Pd-107 may result.

Clayton, D. D.↗

Search for ultraviolet emission lines from a hot gaseous halo in the edge-on galaxy NGC 4244

Short and long wavelength IUE spectra of the halo region in the edge-on galaxy NGC 4244 are analyzed in order to identify evidence of line emission at the level of 0.000001 ergs per cu cm sr/s. Features are found at 1245 A and 1402 A, having peaks four times greater than the rms intensity fluctuations of nearby spectra. The spectral features are identified with semi-forbidden N V, semi-forbidden S IV at 1240 A, and Si IV and semi-forbidden O IV multiplets at 1400 A, respectively. The appearance of high-peak features and the lack of astrophysically important lines in the sample are evidence of a gas near T = 10 exp 5.2 and emission measure (EM) equal to about 0.000001 pc. However, the case for the existence of such a gas is weakened due to the existence of two other similarly sized features with no identifiable astrophysical origin and the extremely faint nature of the candidate features. The assumed upper limit for the line intensities in NGC 4244 leads to the conclusion that at T less than 100,000 K any emitting gas is either highly clumped or has a p/k value of less than 1000 per cu cm K. It is suggested that if the observed low level features in the short wavelength spectrum are real, the temperature and emission measures allow for a single component gas in the halo of NGC 4244, and are in agreement with those derived by Paresce et al. (1983).

Deharveng, J.-M.↗