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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

Particle Scale Impacts on Deconstruction Energy of Pine Residues

The goal of this Case Study was to quantify the impacts of variable moisture and ash on hammer mill throughput and energy consumption and on generation of fines that are not able to be fed to conversion, as compared to a status quo Base Case system. Also considered was convertible carbon content (minimum carbon specification) and maximum ash content and the delivered feedstock cost impacts of not being able to feed residue not meeting both specifications to the conversion reactor. Laboratory data on the impacts of input particle size and moisture content on the exit particle size were received from FCIC Subtask 5.2: Preprocessing, High Temperature Conversion Preprocessing from their single particle impact population balance modeling study (Tiasha Bhattacharjee, INL). Additional throughput and energy consumption data were obtained from FCIC Subtask 5.2 (Jordan Klinger, INL) for the same grinder with a 6 mm screen in place. These data were utilized to develop the necessary response surface equations to perform throughput analysis using discrete event simulation. Because the ash contents in the separated fines had not been analyzed in the laboratory at the time of the model runs, we chose to assume that the ash distributed proportionally with total mass into the overs and unders in the disk screen following grinding.

energy consumption↗

Improved Heat Exchanger Performance Achieved Through Improved Condensate Drainage - 18478

Hanford's 242-A Evaporator has had the mission of reducing waste volume in the Hanford Tank Farms since the late 1970's. At the very heart of the 242-A evaporation process is the E-A-1 reboiler, a heat exchanger which adds heat to the waste, and the vacuum condenser system, a three-stage condenser/ejector system which condenses the waste vapors and provides the vacuum at which the evaporation process operates. Over a long period of time, significant degraded performance has been observed in the heat exchangers in both the heating system and in the vacuum condensing system. This degraded performance was indicative of degraded conditions in equipment and/or piping associated with both the heating and vacuum condenser systems. However, in searching for degraded condition in these systems, 242-A engineering also discovered that both systems contained design errors in the condensate drainage associated with all heat exchangers in both systems. By addressing the condensate design errors in addition to correcting the degraded conditions, system performance was restored and even possibly improved. All heat exchangers in the heating and vacuum condensing systems are shell and tube type heat exchangers. Both have liquid on the tube side and vapor on the shell side (in the case of the reboiler the liquid is tank waste and the vapor is 10 lb heating steam, and in the case of the vacuum condensers the liquid is cooling water and the vapor is waste vapor). In both systems, engineering proposed that the vapor condensate was backing up into the heat exchanger, resulting in added poor performance. By focusing on basic heat exchanger system design, projects were initiated to redesign the condensate drainage of these systems and re-plumb the condensate drain lines. Data collected before and after the replumbing provides evidence that the corrected drain lines from the heat exchangers improved the performance of the system as a whole, and in the case of the reboiler, removed a potentially damaging steam condensate water hammer condition. (author)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Data analysis for valve leak detection of nuclear power plant safety critical components - 336

A nuclear plant consists of several safety-related components. These safety-related components are tested periodically in order to verify their functionality when they are called upon to perform. The data acquired during periodic testing provides information about possible degradation of the equipment or device under test. This research is focused on leak monitoring techniques to provide diagnostic information on the determination of valve aging and degradation. Several commercially available valve diagnostic-monitoring methods are evaluated, especially for the techniques based on measurements of acoustic emission, and accelerometer. The check valve is one of typical components being extensively used in safety systems of nuclear power plants. The failures of check valves have resulted in significant maintenance efforts, on occasion, have resulted in water hammer, over-pressurization of low-pressure systems, and damage to flow system components. In this paper, acoustic emission signals due to leak from check valves with artificial leakage and worn parts are investigated both analytically and experimentally. The results of advanced signal processing and de-noising techniques also have been identified. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Detection of Artificially Generated Seismic Signals Using Balloon-Borne Infrasound Sensors

Here, we conducted an experiment in Pahrump, Nevada, in June 2017, where artificial seismic signals were created using a seismic hammer, and the possibility of detecting them from their acoustic signature was examined. In this work, we analyze the pressure signals recorded by highly sensitive barometers deployed on the ground and on tethers suspended from balloons. Our signal processing results show that wind noise experienced by a barometer on a free-flying balloon is lower compared to one on a moored balloon. This has never been experimentally demonstrated in the lower troposphere. While seismoacoustic signals were not recorded on the hot air balloon platform owing to operational challenges, we demonstrate the detection of seismoacoustic signals on our moored balloon platform. Our results have important implications for performing seismology in harsh surface environments such as Venus through atmospheric remote sensing.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Ecologically Driven Ultrastructural and Hydrodynamic Designs in Stomatopod Cuticles

Ecological pressures and varied feeding behaviors in a multitude of organ-isms have necessitated the drive for adaptation. One such change is seen in the feeding appendages of stomatopods, a group of highly predatory marine crustaceans. Stomatopods include “spearers,” who ambush and snare soft bodied prey, and “smashers,” who bludgeon hard-shelled prey with a heavily mineralized club. The regional substructural complexity of the stomatopod dactyl club from the smashing predator Odontodactylus scyllarus represents a model system in the study of impact tolerant biominerals. The club consists of a highly mineralized impact region, a characteristic Bouligand architec-ture (common to arthropods), and a unique section of the club, the striated region, composed of highly aligned sheets of mineralized fibers. Detailed ultrastructural investigations of the striated region within O. scyllarus and a related species of spearing stomatopod, Lysiosquillina maculate show consistent organization of mineral and organic, but distinct differences in macro-scale architecture. Evidence is provided for the function and substructural exaptation of the striated region, which facilitated redeployment of a rapto-rial feeding appendage as a biological hammer. Furthermore, given the need to accelerate underwater and “grab” or “smash” their prey, the spearer and smasher appendages are specifically designed with a significantly reduced drag force.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Intra-arterial Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation in a Patient with Upper-extremity Critical Limb Ischemia

Induction of therapeutic angiogenesis by autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation has been identified as a potential new option in patients with advanced lower-limb ischemia. There is little evidence of the benefit of intra-arterial cell application in upper-limb critical ischemia. We describe a patient with upper-extremity critical limb ischemia with digital gangrene resulting from hypothenar hammer syndrome successfully treated by intra-arterial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

Application of Noise Cancelling and Damage Detection Algorithms in NDE of Concrete Bridge Decks Using Impact Signals

Delamination is a commonly observed distress in concrete bridge decks. Among all the delamination detection methods, acoustic methods have the advantages of being fast and inexpensive. In traditional acoustic inspection methods, the inspector drags a chain along or hammers on the bridge deck and detects delamination from the 'hollowness' of the sounds. The signals are often contaminated by ambient traffic noise and the detection of delamination is highly subjective. This paper describes the performance of an impact-bases acoustic NDE method where the traffic noise was filtered by employing a noise cancelling algorithm and where subjectivity was eliminated by introducing feature extraction and pattern recognition algorithms. Different algorithms were compared and the best one was selected in each category. The comparison showed that the modified independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm was most effective in cancelling the traffic noise and features consisting of mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) had the best performance in terms of repeatability and separabillty. The condition of the bridge deck was then detected by a radial basis function (RBF) neural network. The performance of the system was evaluated using both experimental and field data. The results show that the selected algorithms increase the noise robustness of acoustic methods and perform satisfactorily if the training data is representative.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Finding the Most Efficient Way to Remove Residual Copper from Steel Scrap

The supply of end-of-life steel scrap is growing, but residual copper reduces its value. Once copper attaches during hammer shredding, no commercial process beyond hand-picking exists to extract it, yet high-value flat products require less than 0.1 wt pct copper to avoid metallurgical problems. Various techniques for copper separation have been explored in laboratory trials, but as yet no attempt has been made to provide an integrated assessment of all options. Therefore, for the first time, a framework is proposed to define the full range of separation routes and evaluate their potential to remove copper, while estimating their energy and material input requirements. The thermodynamic, kinetic, and technological constraints of the various techniques are analyzed to show that copper could be removed to below 0.1 wt pct with relatively low energy and material consumption. Higher-density shredding allows for greater physical separation, but requires proper incentivization. Vacuum distillation could be viable with a reactor that minimizes radiation heat losses. High-temperature solid scrap pre-treatments would be less energy intensive than melt treatments, but their efficacy with typical shredded scrap is yet unconfirmed. The framework developed here can be applied to other impurity-base metal systems to coordinate process innovation as the scrap supply expands.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Design, Development and Testing of Inconel Alloy IN718 Spherical Gas Bottle for Oxygen Storage

This paper describes the details of design, manufacture and testing of 200 mm diameter spherical gas bottle of Inconel 718 (IN718) with nominal wall thickness of 2.3 mm. Gas bottle was designed for the specified internal pressure loading with a thickness of 2.9 mm at the circumferential weld which was brought down to 2.3 mm at the membrane locations. Hemispherical forgings produced through closed-die hammer forging were machined and electron beam welded to produce a spherical gas bottle. Duly welded gas bottle was subjected to standard aging treatment to achieve the required tensile strength. Aged gas bottle was inspected for dimensions and other stringent quality requirements using various nondestructive testing techniques. After inspection, gas bottle was subjected to pressure test for maximum expected operating pressure and proof pressure of 25 and 37.5 MPa, respectively. Strain gauges were bonded at different locations on the gas bottle to monitor the strains during the pressure test and correlated with the predicted values. The predicted strain matched well with the experimental strain confirming the design and structural integrity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Soluble Graphene Nanosheets from Recycled Graphite of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Soluble graphene nanosheets are fabricated from recycled graphite of spent lithium ion batteries through a modified Hammers process followed by deoxygenation with NaOH–KOH eutectic. Ultrasonic exfoliation in N-methyl-pyrrolidone indicates the loosened graphene layers in recycled graphite are prone to exfoliation. Reduction of the exfoliated graphene oxide sheets was conducted in molten NaOH–KOH eutectic at different temperatures. The results show that molten NaOH–KOH effectively eliminates the unsaturated oxygen-containing moieties from the exfoliated graphene oxide sheets while creating more hydroxyl functional groups. Higher temperature treatment is more prone to remove hydroxyls while producing the shrinkage on the surface of graphene sheets. Graphene sheet with a good solubility is produced when the graphene oxide is heat-treated at 220 °C for 10 h. After reduction, the graphene oxide sheets exhibit excellent dispersibility or solubility in water, ethanol and other polar solvents, therefore being highly desirable for solution processing of graphene materials. Such study not only identifies a high-quality stockpile to prepare soluble graphene but also paves a feasible alternative of graphite recycling from spent lithium batteries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effect of Forging on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Al Alloy (2014): 10 wt.% SiC{sub p} Composite

In this paper a systematic study has been undertaken to study the effect of forging on microstructure, mechanical properties and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of Al alloy (2014)—10 wt.% SiC metal-matrix composites. Hammer forging was carried out at a temperature of 470 °C in an open die, with a deformation ratio of 3.5:1. Microstructural analyses were carried out at three different positions of forged billet. Significant material flow was observed in the sample taken from the sides of the forged billet, but no appreciable material flow was observed at the center of the forged billet. The microstructural characterization showed that forging resulted in cracking of SiC particles in Al alloy (2014)—10 wt.% SiC composite. The AE results during forging showed an increase in AE signal intensity during the initial yielding period and a subsequent decrease in the intensity of AE signals with sudden burst at the end of the forging. The plastic deformation at room temperature was less ductile in nature but at high temperature, appreciable ductility was observed. The FESEM micrographs of fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens showed appreciable clustering of SiC particles during plastic deformation both at room and high temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Transforming a Simple Structure Model to Represent a Complex Dynamic System with Unknown Boundary Restraints

Imposing a boundary condition on a structure can significantly alter its dynamic properties. However, sometimes the specifics of the new boundary conditions are not known. When the effects of a boundary condition are uncertain or there is not enough information, engineers need to excite the complex structure to obtain these modified properties. In order to experimentally obtain the new properties, engineers need multiple experiments and many outputs for interpolation in order to sufficiently represent the entire structure. In this study, the researchers attached a stinger to a cantilever beam, acting as a new transverse restraint of unknown properties. This paper presents a conversion expression that predicts the dynamic behavior of any point in the system with the new boundary condition. This expression relies only on one impact hammer experiment with one output and the model of the stinger-free cantilever beam, referred to as the simple structure. Researchers estimated the Transfer Function (TRF) of the beam and compared it with an experimentally measured TRF to validate the method. The mean absolute error of the estimated TRF compared to the experimental TRF is 1.99 dB. This demonstrates the use of the proposed method for estimating unmeasured TRFs in a system with an uncertain boundary condition using a single input, single output (SISO) test and a model of the simple structure.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Dynamic response of a freely rotating butterfly valve in the advanced test reactor − dynamic coefficients modeling

Here, in evaluating the water hammer issue pertaining to the primary-coolant-regulating butterfly valve in the Advanced Test Reactor, the dynamic fluid body interaction (DFBI) approach was implemented in the analysis covered in Part I. Although DFBI modeling accurately and simultaneously solved the dynamic motion of the valve’s disk along with the flow field of the surrounding fluid, it shed little light on the reason behind such motion. For Part II, the reacting torque of the fluid on the disk was decomposed into representations of the dynamic coefficients in terms of stiffness, damping, and added mass. These were evaluated via simulations with steady-state static (stiffness), constant angular speed (damping), and variable angular speed (added mass) disks. Substituting the dynamic coefficients into Newton’s second law enabled the response trajectories to be obtained. Stable (by average) and unstable equilibrium positions and thrust tendencies of the valve were determined based on the stiffness coefficient (or static torque), the response amplitude was dampened or enlarged by the damping coefficient (minorly affected by added mass), and the response frequency was altered by the damping and added mass coefficients. Although the dynamic coefficient approach renders slightly different trajectories, due to the averaging effect of the torque in comparison to the DFBI method, the overall trend of the response aligns with the DFBI simulation, thus confirming the conclusion in Part I that a fix to the current butterfly valve is necessary.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Predictive modeling of a subcritical pulverized-coal power plant for optimization: Parameter estimation, validation, and application

As renewable power generation deployment increases, fossil fuel plants are increasingly required to operate more flexibly. Many coal-fired power plants were originally designed to operate at base load and do not operate optimally at partial load. Predictive first-principles plant-wide models can be employed to identify opportunities for flexibility improvements and diagnose low-load operating issues. This paper describes the application of the Institute for the Design of Advanced Energy Systems Integrated Platform (IDAES) to model and optimize flexible power plant operations. The key benefits of using IDAES are that it provides an open-source, fully equation-oriented modeling framework for efficient modular model construction, reuse, and customization, together with a mathematical optimization framework leveraging powerful, state-of-the-art solvers. The process systems engineering workflow from predictive process simulation to parameter estimation, model validation, and plant optimization is applicable to a variety of existing and next-generation energy systems as well as other chemical and environmental processes. Here, to demonstrate this capability, a physics-based, steady-state model was developed to improve full- and part-load performance of the Escalante Generating Station, a 245 MWe (net) subcritical pulverized coal-fired power plant owned and operated by Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association. Specifically, sixty-nine model parameters were simultaneously estimated from several months of operating data enabling prediction of flow rates, temperatures, pressures, and steam quality throughout the plant. The validated model was leveraged by Escalante to reduce the minimum operating load from 90 MW to 50 MW by diagnosing a low-load water-hammer issue, enabling coal usage and emissions reductions during periods of low power demand. Additionally, opportunities for heat rate reduction (i.e., efficiency improvement) through a steeper sliding-pressure approach to load-following and optimization of other boiler operating variables were also identified and quantified. For example, a potential efficiency improvement of 0.7 percentage points was observed at half-load operation.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Absorbing layers for the Dirac equation

This work is devoted to the construction of perfectly matched layers (PML) for the Dirac equation, that not only arises in relativistic quantum mechanics but also in the dynamics of electrons in graphene or in topological insulators. While the resulting equations are stable at the continuous level, some care is necessary in order to obtain a stable scheme at the discrete level. This is related to the so-called fermion doubling problem. For this matter, we consider the numerical scheme introduced by Hammer et al. [19], and combine it with the discretized PML equations. We state some arguments for the stability of the resulting scheme, and perform simulations in two dimensions. The perfectly matched layers are shown to exhibit, in various configurations, superior absorption than the absorbing potential method and the so-called transport-like boundary conditions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Friction-based riveting technique for AZ31 magnesium alloy

Rivet materials used in the aerospace and automotive industries are typically alloys of aluminum (Al) or steel. Magnesium (Mg) is an attractive alternative because it is 33% and 75% lighter than Al and steel, respectively. However, a primary barrier for using Mg as rivet material is its poor formability at room temperature, resulting in brittle fracture of the rivet head during cold riveting. Hot riveting is possible but suffers from high cycle time due to the need for pre-heating. A new friction-based riveting technique, Rotating Hammer Riveting (RHR), is reported to fully form AZ31 Mg rivet heads in a mere 0.23 seconds cycle time. Heat and pressure generated through severe plastic deformation during the process was sufficient to form the Mg rivet head without the need for a separate pre-heating operation. Due to dynamic recrystallization, AZ31 Mg grains in the rivet head were significantly refined from about 15 to 2.6 µm during RHR, which favors the formability of Mg rivet by triggering grain boundary sliding and reducing plastic anisotropy of Mg. In addition, RHR joints showed a metallurgical bond between the rivet head and top sheet, which eliminates a significant pathway for corrosion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Characterization of a Messer – The late-Medieval single-edged sword of Central Europe

Metallurgical characterization of a sword blade fragments dating from the second half of the 15th century found in central Slovenia was performed in order to determine its chemical composition, microstructure, microhardness, and to obtain insight into the methods of manufacture of a late-medieval Messer sword. As the artefact was broken, examinations were limited to six very small fragments that were allowed to be removed from the cutting edge, core and the back of the blade. Light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermodynamics approach and Vickers micro-hardness tests were employed to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that the sword was manufactured from a single wrought iron billet. The surface of the sword was carburized. No evidence of quenching was found. The ferritic microstructure is concentrated in the core, and the pearlitic in the outer layer of the blade. All metal fragments contained non-metallic inclusions that were derived mostly from slag and some from hammer scale. - Highlights: • A metallurgical characterization of a medieval sword blade has been performed. • The carbon content decreased from the surface to the core of the blade. • The dominant microstructure in the outer layer is pearlite and in the core is ferrite. • The presence of lump shaped and elongated non-metallic inclusions was observed. • The sword was manufactured from a single wrought iron billet.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Dynamic response of a freely rotating butterfly valve in the advanced test reactor – dynamic fluid-body interaction modeling

To regulate primary coolant flow in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), a butterfly valve was installed between the primary coolant pumps and the reactor core. If the mechanical connection between the valve's disk and its shaft ever fails, the disk will rotate freely. Rapid disk rotation may induce pressure surges that could damage upstream pipes. In the present work, the rotational trajectory and pressure evolution during a disk free-rotation scenario were analyzed via the dynamic fluid-body interaction (DFBI) approach in STAR-CCM+, with the movement of a solid being driven by the forces and moment/torque imposed by its surrounding fluid. Assuming a large initial opening angle, the disk accelerates slowly, but swiftly passes the closed position. As a result of the sudden valve closure, a pressure surge occurs in the upstream pipes, exceeding their maximum allowable pressure. Furthermore, the disk does not stabilize at the closed position but continually oscillates due to the unsteady nature of the coolant flow. Because of the significant and continuous water hammer effect, a fix to the butterfly valve is being implemented to prevent rapid valve closure due to failure at the valve's disk/shaft mechanical connection.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗