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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Engineering Novosphingobium aromaticivorans to produce cis,cis -muconic acid from biomass aromatics

ABSTRACT The platform chemical cis,cis- muconic acid ( cc MA) provides facile access to a number of monomers used in the synthesis of commercial plastics. It is also a metabolic intermediate in the β-ketoadipic acid pathway of many bacteria and, therefore, a current target for microbial production from abundant renewable resources via metabolic engineering. This study investigates Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444 as a chassis for the production of cc MA from biomass aromatics. The N. aromaticivorans genome predicts that it encodes a previously uncharacterized protocatechuic acid (PCA) decarboxylase and a catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, which would be necessary for the conversion of aromatic metabolic intermediates to cc MA. This study confirmed the activity of these two enzymes in vitro and compared their activity to ones that have been previously characterized and used in cc MA production. From these results, we generated one strain that is completely derived from native genes and a second that contains genes previously used in microbial engineering synthesis of this compound. Both of these strains exhibited stoichiometric production of cc MA from PCA and produced greater than 100% yield of cc MA from the aromatic monomers that were identified in liquor derived from alkaline pretreated biomass. Our results show that a strain completely derived from native genes and one containing homologs from other hosts are both capable of stoichiometric production of cc MA from biomass aromatics. Overall, this work combines previously unknown aspects of aromatic metabolism in N. aromaticivorans and the genetic tractability of this organism to generate strains that produce cc MA from deconstructed biomass. IMPORTANCE The production of commodity chemicals from renewable resources is an important goal toward increasing the environmental and economic sustainability of industrial processes. The aromatics in plant biomass are an underutilized and abundant renewable resource for the production of valuable chemicals. However, due to the chemical composition of plant biomass, many deconstruction methods generate a heterogeneous mixture of aromatics, thus making it difficult to extract valuable chemicals using current methods. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on harnessing the pathways of microorganisms to convert a diverse set of aromatics into a single product. Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444 has the native ability to metabolize a wide range of aromatics and, thus, is a potential chassis for conversion of these abundant compounds to commodity chemicals. This study reports on new features of N. aromaticivorans that can be used to produce the commodity chemical cis,cis -muconic acid from renewable and abundant biomass aromatics.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Local adaptation of both plant and pathogen: an arms‐race compromise in switchgrass rust

In coevolving species, parasites locally adapt to host populations as hosts locally adapt to resist parasites. Parasites often outpace host local adaptation since they have rapid life cycles, but host diversity, the strength of selection, and external environmental influence can result in complex outcomes. To better understand local adaptation in host–parasite systems, we examined locally adapted switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and its leaf rust pathogen (Puccinia novopanici) across a latitudinal range in North America. We grew switchgrass genotypes in 10 replicated multiyear common gardens, measuring rust severity from natural infection in a ‘host reciprocal transplant’ framework for testing local adaptation. We conducted genome-wide association mapping to identify genetic loci associated with rust severity. Genetically differentiated rust populations were locally adapted to northern and southern switchgrass, despite host local adaptation to environmental conditions in the same regions. Rust resistance was polygenic, and distinct loci were associated with rust severity in the north and south. We narrowed a previously identified large-effect quantitative trait locus for rust severity to a candidate YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE gene and linked numerous other loci to defense-related genes. Overall, our results suggest that both hosts and parasites can be simultaneously locally adapted, especially when parasites impose less selection than other environmental factors.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Microalgae as a future food source

One of the key challenges that we face in the 21st century is the need to feed an ever-increasing human population with increasingly limited natural resources. Even today it is estimated that roughly 1 out of 9 people in the world are undernourished, of which the most important factor is protein-energy malnutrition. By establishing microalgae as a new food and feed platform, we have the opportunity to increase the supply of these essential products to address global demands in a more efficient and environmentally sustainable way. Many types of algae are nutritionally complete foods, their yields outperform most plant crops, and there is a growing set of tools to develop improved strains of algae. Similar improvements were achieved in traditional crops through thousands of years of breeding and strain selection, whereas with the newest genetic engineering tools and advanced strain selection techniques, similar changes can be implemented in microalgae in just a few years. Here we describe different strategies that could be used to enhance the nutritional content, productivity, and organoleptic traits of algae to help drive development of this new crop. Clearly developing more efficient, sustainable, and nutritious foods and feed would be an enormous benefit for the planet, and algae represents an opportunity to develop a new crop that would complement traditional agriculture, and one that could potential result in a more efficient means to meet the world's food and feed supply.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Identification of mobile genetic elements with geNomad

Identifying and characterizing mobile genetic elements in sequencing data is essential for understanding their diversity, ecology, biotechnological applications and impact on public health. Here we introduce geNomad, a classification and annotation framework that combines information from gene content and a deep neural network to identify sequences of plasmids and viruses. geNomad uses a dataset of more than 200,000 marker protein profiles to provide functional gene annotation and taxonomic assignment of viral genomes. Using a conditional random field model, geNomad also detects proviruses integrated into host genomes with high precision. In benchmarks, geNomad achieved high classification performance for diverse plasmids and viruses (Matthews correlation coefficient of 77.8% and 95.3%, respectively), substantially outperforming other tools. Leveraging geNomad’s speed and scalability, we processed over 2.7 trillion base pairs of sequencing data, leading to the discovery of millions of viruses and plasmids that are available through the IMG/VR and IMG/PR databases. geNomad is available at https://portal.nersc.gov/genomad.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Prokaryotic viruses impact functional microorganisms in nutrient removal and carbon cycle in wastewater treatment plants

As one of the largest biotechnological applications, activated sludge (AS) systems in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) harbor enormous viruses, with 10-1,000-fold higher concentrations than in natural environments. However, the compositional variation and host-connections of AS viruses remain poorly explored. Here, we report a catalogue of ~50,000 prokaryotic viruses from six WWTPs, increasing the number of described viral species of AS by 23-fold, and showing the very high viral diversity which is largely unknown (98.4-99.6% of total viral contigs). Most viral genera are represented in more than one AS system with 53 identified across all. Viral infection widely spans 8 archaeal and 58 bacterial phyla, linking viruses with aerobic/anaerobic heterotrophs, and other functional microorganisms controlling nitrogen/phosphorous removal. Notably, Mycobacterium, notorious for causing AS foaming, is associated with 402 viral genera. Our findings expand the current AS virus catalogue and provide reference for the phage treatment to control undesired microorganisms in WWTPs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Harnessing Machine Learning for Agnostic Biodetection

The United States’ current list-based approach to biodefense is limited because it considers only known biological agents. Alternatively, developing and adopting a system based on agent-agnostic signatures would enable detection and characterization of both known and novel agents, thereby engendering greater adaptability in the face of an evolving threat landscape. Machine learning (ML) could aid in such a transition, as it can recognize and encode highly complex patterns from multiple input data modalities and has already demonstrated success in many healthcare and defense applications. Functionalizing ML for environmental biodetection requires understanding current technical capabilities. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing ML platforms and discuss anticipated development efforts needed to achieve effective ML-enabled, agnostic biodetection.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Report for the DOE Office of Science Workshop on Envisioning Frontiers in AI and Computing for Biological Research

Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and high-performance computing (HPC) are poised to transform biological research, spurring innovation in biotechnology and biosystems design. "is transformation will bring an explosion of new capabilities to control the expression of genomic information in living organisms and harness that information to invent new biobased technologies (Jinek et al. 2012; NASEM 2025).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Production of carotenoids from aromatics and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by Novosphingobium aromaticivorans

ABSTRACT Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds found in the membranes of various organisms. Individual carotenoids are also commodity chemicals, produced industrially for use as food additives, nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The alphaproteobacterium Novosphingobium aromaticivorans has previously been established as a potential platform microbe for converting aromatic compounds derived from lignocellulosic plant biomass into valuable extracellular products. Here, we show that N. aromaticivorans DSM 12444 cells naturally produce the carotenoid nostoxanthin, and we construct a set of gene deletion mutants that accumulate β-carotene, lycopene, or zeaxanthin, which are predicted intermediates in nostoxanthin biosynthesis as well as commodity chemicals. We also show that a mutant strain heterologously expressing a CrtW protein accumulates the carotenoid astaxanthin. When grown on vanillate as the carbon source, we find that the levels of carotenoids are not significantly affected by O 2 concentration in the tested range of 5% to 21% O 2 . We also show that these carotenoids are produced at comparable levels when strains are grown in liquor from alkaline pretreated sorghum biomass [sorghum alkaline pretreatment liquor (APL)], which contains a mixture of aromatics. Finally, we construct strains that produce zeaxanthin, β-carotene, or astaxanthin concurrently with 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, a potential building block for biodegradable polymers, when grown in sorghum APL. Combined, our results show that N. aromaticivorans can simultaneously produce valuable intracellular and extracellular commodities when grown in the presence of either pure aromatics or pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. IMPORTANCE There is economic and environmental interest in generating commodity chemicals from renewable resources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, that can substitute for chemicals derived from fossil fuels. The bacterium Novosphingobium aromaticivorans is a promising microbial platform for producing commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass because it can produce these from compounds in pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, which many industrial microbial catalysts cannot metabolize. Here, we show that N. aromaticivorans can be engineered to produce several valuable carotenoids. We also show that engineered N. aromaticivorans strains can produce these lipophilic chemicals concurrently with the extracellular commodity chemical 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid when grown in a complex liquor obtained from alkaline pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Concurrent microbial production of valuable intra- and extracellular products can increase the economic value generated from the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds into commodity chemicals and facilitate the separation of water- and membrane-soluble products.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Strategies to achieve high productivity, high conversion, and high yield in yeast fermentation of algal biomass hydrolysate

The conversion of carbohydrates in biomass via fermentation is an important component of an overall strategy to decarbonize the production of fuels and chemicals. Owing to the cost and resources required to produce biomass hydrolysates, the economic and environmental sustainability of these fermentation processes requires that they operate with high yields, sugar conversion, and productivity. Immobilized-cell technology in a continuous bioprocess can achieve significantly higher volumetric productivities than is possible from standard batch fermentation using free cells. Here, we demonstrate approaches for improvement of ethanol yield from algal hydrolysates and a mock hydrolysate medium. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized in alginate and incorporated into a two-column immobilized cell reactor system. Furthermore, the yeast quorum-sensing molecule, 2-phenylethanol, was added to improve ethanol yield by restricting growth and diverting sugar to ethanol. The bioreactor system could achieve high ethanol volumetric productivity (>20 g/ Lreactor ·h) and high glucose conversion (>99%) in mock hydrolysate, while the addition of 0.2% 2-phenylethanol resulted in 4.9% higher ethanol yield. With an algal hydrolysate of <10 g/L sugar, the ethanol volumetric productivity reached 9.8 g/ Lreactor ·h, and the addition of 0.2% 2-phenylethanol increased the ethanol yield by up to 7.4%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of novel strategies to achieve sustainability goals in biomass conversions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1997

On-Orbit and Ground Performance of the PGBA Plant Growth Facility

PGBA, a plant growth facility developed for commercial space biotechnology research, successfully grew a total of 30 plants (6 species) for 10 days on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-77) and is scheduled for reflight on board MSL-1 (STS-83) for a 16 day flight. The PGBA life support systems provide atmospheric, thermal, and humidity control as well as lighting and nutrient supply in a 23.6 liter chamber. Atmosphere treatment includes ethylene and other hydrocarbon removal, CO2 replenishment, and O2 control. The normally closed system uses controlled CO2 replenishment from the crew cabin as required by the plants. Temperature is controlled (1 C) at user-specified setpoints between 20-32 C, using water-filled coolant loops, solid state Peltier thermoelectric devices, and liquid heat exchangers. The thermoelectric cooling systems were optimized for low power consumption and high cooling efficiencies. Relative humidity is maintained between 60-100% using a cooled porous metal plate to remove water vapor from the air stream without cooling the bulk air below the dew point. The lighting system utilizes three compact fluorescent bi-axial lights with variable lighting control and light intensity (PAR) between 220 and 330 micromol/sq m/s at a distance of 20 cm in spaceflight configuration (on orbit power limited to 230 Watt for entire payload). A ground, up to 550 micromol/sq m/s light intensity can be achieved with 330 Watt payload power consumption. Plant water and nutrient support is sustained via the 'Nutrient Pack' system including the passive or active 'Water Replenishable Nutrient Pack.' The root matrix material (soil or Agar) and nutrient formulation of each pack is prepared according to plant species and experimental requirements. These systems were designed by NASA Ames personnel. Data acquisition and control systems provide 32 channels of environmental data as well as digitized or analog video signals for downlink.

Hoehn, A.↗
DOE OSTI2023

A functional trait framework for integrating nitrogen‐fixing cover crops into short‐rotation woody crop systems

Abstract Developing approaches to simultaneously maximize short‐rotation woody crop (SRWC) productivity while minimizing footprints associated with intensive management is imperative to profitable and sustainable bioenergy production systems. Intercropping nitrogen (N)‐fixing cover crops in SRWC systems is an overlooked approach to sustainably intensify SRWC production by increasing N availability using less environmentally costly inputs. Here, we discuss how functional traits (e.g., seasonal activity, lifespan, leaf habit, soil exploration) of cover crops and SRWCs may interact through space and time influencing access to light, water, and nutrients to provide a framework for successful integration of cover crops into SRWCs. Next, we summarize the literature on intercropping forest plantations with N‐fixing cover crops to identity research gaps and outline future research needs and opportunities. And then, using empirical N demand and productivity data from SRWCs and cover crop N inputs from the literature, we illustrate how SRWC leaf habit (conifer evergreens and deciduous hardwoods) would influence successful integration of cover crops and potential N fixation. We estimate that integrating cover crops into SRWCs could supply 27% and 72% of the N demand across a 10‐year rotation for an evergreen and a deciduous hardwood, respectively. These figures suggest these integrated SRWC systems may approach a virtual minimal external N input when other biogeochemical cycles are considered. The guiding principles presented here are grounded in ecological theory and provide a framework for sustainable intensification of forest production.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Long term performance of pilot methanogenic digester filled with seashell wastes treating slaughterhouse wastes: Biogas production and environmental impact

High ammonia and organic acids contents of decomposed slaughterhouse waste (SHW) often result in the severe inhibition or even failure of the anaerobic digestion (AD). The two-stage AD system can alleviate the ammonia inhibition; however, addition of alkali is often needed to maintain the neutral condition. In this study, seashell wastes containing high percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) were for the first time added in a pilot scale methanogenic digester treating chicken blood waste to retain the microorganisms and provide pH buffers for the substrate. A long-duration performance of this digester was conducted for 400 days under different organic loading rates (OLRs). The results show that methane yields of the digester were 244.8 and 224.9 mL g –1 COD added at OLR of 0.4 and 0.6 g COD L –1 d –1 , respectively, higher than the results of previous studies treating the similar feedstock. An AD system treating blood wastes of a typical poultry slaughterhouse was also proposed for which energy balance and carbon footprint analyses were conducted. The energy production of 0.35 MJ kg –1 blood and carbon emissions reduction of 0.05 kg CO 2 -eq kg –1 blood can be achieved from treating blood waste of the broiler chicken. Finally, this study reveals that using seashell wastes in an AD treating SHW can facilitate the reuse of aquaculture wastes and improve the sustainability of meat industry.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
NASA NTRS2004

Extracellular mass transport considerations for space flight research concerning suspended and adherent in vitro cell cultures

Conducting biological research in space requires consideration be given to isolating appropriate control parameters. For in vitro cell cultures, numerous environmental factors can adversely affect data interpretation. A biological response attributed to microgravity can, in theory, be explicitly correlated to a specific lack of weight or gravity-driven motion occurring to, within or around a cell. Weight can be broken down to include the formation of hydrostatic gradients, structural load (stress) or physical deformation (strain). Gravitationally induced motion within or near individual cells in a fluid includes sedimentation (or buoyancy) of the cell and associated shear forces, displacement of cytoskeleton or organelles, and factors associated with intra- or extracellular mass transport. Finally, and of particular importance for cell culture experiments, the collective effects of gravity must be considered for the overall system consisting of the cells, their environment and the device in which they are contained. This does not, however, rule out other confounding variables such as launch acceleration, on orbit vibration, transient acceleration impulses or radiation, which can be isolated using onboard centrifuges or vibration isolation techniques. A framework is offered for characterizing specific cause-and-effect relationships for gravity-dependent responses as a function of the above parameters.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2023

The good, the bad, and the future: Systematic review identifies best use of biomass to meet air quality and climate policies in California

Abstract California has large and diverse biomass resources and provides a pertinent example of how biomass use is changing and needs to change, in the face of climate mitigation policies. As in other areas of the world, California needs to optimize its use of biomass and waste to meet environmental and socioeconomic objectives. We used a systematic review to assess biomass use pathways in California and the associated impacts on climate and air quality. Biomass uses included the production of renewable fuels, electricity, biochar, compost, and other marketable products. For those biomass use pathways recently developed, information is available on the effects—usually beneficial—on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and there is some, but less, published information on the effects on criteria pollutants. Our review identifies 34 biomass use pathways with beneficial impacts on either GHG or pollutant emissions, or both—the “good.” These included combustion of forest biomass for power and conversion of livestock‐associated biomass to biogas by anaerobic digestion. The review identified 13 biomass use pathways with adverse impacts on GHG emissions, criteria pollutant emissions, or both—the “bad.” Wildfires are an example of one out of eight pathways which were found to be bad for both climate and air quality, while only two biomass use pathways reduced GHG emissions relative to an identified counterfactual but had adverse air quality impacts. Issues of high interest for the “future” included land management to reduce fire risk, future policies for the dairy industries, and full life‐cycle analysis of biomass production and use.

Agriculture↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electricity Costs and Carbon Implications for CO 2 -to-Fuels in Selected Locations in 2030

With the growing interest in converting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to fuels and products to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions and extend carbon from biogenic and other sources, the development of carbon capture and utilization (CO2U) technologies and industry is crucial. The Markets, Resources, and Environmental and Energy Justice of CO 2 -to-Fuels Technologies (short title: MarkeRs & EEJ) project supports this goal by assessing the resource and market potential and infrastructure requirements for mid-term (-2030) and long-term (-2050) deployment of CO2U technologies. The overall project analyzes CO2U economic and resource requirements as well as sustainability and environmental and energy justice (EEJ) metrics. This report focuses on short-term (-2030) aspects of the project. It identifies three CO2U locations in the Midwestern United States and quantifies the costs for potential electricity resources and marginal emissions for each site in the near term (e.g., 2030). We focus on four electricity purchase options, including retail rate, physical power purchase agreement (PPA), financial PPA, and real-time pricing (RTP), for each of the three sites and consider potential policies such as production tax credits (PTCs). We also assess time-dependent hourly marginal electricity costs and the marginal emission rates using modeled scenarios from Cambium (Gagnon et al. 2021).The results of the analysis are expected to inform other projects within the U.S. Department of Energy's CO 2 -to-Fuels Consortium, especially the Economics and Sustainability of CO 2 Utilization Technologies with Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Analysis (TEA/LCA) project, led by Michael Wang of Argonne National Laboratory and Ling Tao of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The project results are also expected to inform the investment and technology communities and policymakers at the U.S. Department of Energy, state, and regional levels and guide investment by government and industry in research and development portfolios.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cyanobacterial Biofertilizer Production by Guanidine-Producing Enzymes

Cyanobacterial production of a biofertilizer shows promise as an environmentally benign alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilizers, reducing environmental and energy burdens through light-driven nitrogen and carbon fixation. One route to realizing the potential for a nitrogen-rich, slow-releasing biofertilizer involves the genetic engineering of cyanobacteria to produce guanidine. Recent advances have demonstrated enzymatic guanidine production in cyanobacteria, but an understanding of cyanobacterial guanidine metabolism is still limited. This Perspective highlights strategies and opportunities for cyanobacterial guanidine production in a Design−Build−Test−Learn cycle. Exploring new guanidine-producing enzymes via phylogenetics could expand candidate enzymes, while understanding the metabolism of substrates can identify constraints and opportunities in substrate utilization. Additionally, guanidine sensing and export are crucial areas of study to enable continuous fertilizer production and stable nitrogen flux. These strategies will guide the development of advanced nitrogen biofertilizer strategies for the agricultural sector.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Four chromosome scale genomes and a pan-genome annotation to accelerate pecan tree breeding

Genome-enabled biotechnologies have the potential to accelerate breeding efforts in long-lived perennial crop species. Despite the transformative potential of molecular tools in pecan and other outcrossing tree species, highly heterozygous genomes, significant presence–absence gene content variation, and histories of interspecific hybridization have constrained breeding efforts. To overcome these challenges, here, we present diploid genome assemblies and annotations of four outbred pecan genotypes, including a PacBio HiFi chromosome-scale assembly of both haplotypes of the ‘Pawnee’ cultivar. Comparative analysis and pan-genome integration reveal substantial and likely adaptive interspecific genomic introgressions, including an over-retained haplotype introgressed from bitternut hickory into pecan breeding pedigrees. Further, by leveraging our pan-genome presence–absence and functional annotation database among genomes and within the two outbred haplotypes of the ‘Lakota’ genome, we identify candidate genes for pest and pathogen resistance. Combined, these analyses and resources highlight significant progress towards functional and quantitative genomics in highly diverse and outbred crops.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

UNrealized Critical Lanthanide Extraction from Sea Algae Mining (UNCLE SAM)

The UNCLE-SAM project, under the Biotechnologies to Ensure a Robust Supply of Critical Materials for Clean Energy program, examined the biomining applications of seaweeds for sustainable, domestic production of critical mineral feedstocks. The ocean is a vast reserve of mineralogical wealth including rare earth elements (REEs) and platinum group metal (PGMs). These elements, categorized as “critical minerals”, are used in telecommunication devices, lasers, LED lighting, turbine generators, electric car motors, jet engine alloys, and many other applications. These critical elements are increasingly vital to a thriving, efficient and sustainable society. However, only a few countries in the global market currently produce and export REEs, leading to potential geopolitical supply disruptions. Marine macroalgae, often referred to as seaweeds, bioconcentrate critical minerals from seawater, including REEs and PGMs. Marine algae cultivation can generate a significant amount of biomass with minimal freshwater, fertilizer, and land requirements. In summary, the UNCLE-SAM project successfully evaluated the technological feasibility for marine macroalgal cultivation as a feedstock for critical minerals, explored the biological capacity of different seaweeds to provide economically relevant domestic mineral production, assessed processing techniques for thermal co-conversion of seaweeds into renewable fuel and mineral feedstocks, and executed techno-economic and lifecycle assessments for identifying the most critical gaps in our current understanding to move the technology into commercially relevant deployment. Further development of this technology could transform the bioproduct and REE mining industries and catalyze the development of a more sustainable future.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗