Distributed Energy Management for Networked Microgrids Embedded Modern Distribution System Using ADMM Algorithm
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24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
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Results for “energy distribution”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Electron energy distributions in uranium helium mixtures
The high energy portion of the electron energy distribution for mixtures of uranium and helium at 1 atm, 5000 K, and a neutron flux of 2x10 to the 12th power/sq cm-sec have been calculated. The addition of He improves the heat transport characteristics of the plasma and has the feature that the He energy levels lie in the high energy portion of the electron distribution, potentially allowing non maxwellian excitation. It is concluded, however, that the resulting reaction rates are marginal relative to achieving inversion in He.
Makowski, M. A.↗
Interpreting ion-energy distributions using charge exchange emitted from deeply kinetic field-reversed-configuration plasmas
Energy resolving the atomic hydrogen outflux created within plasmas by charge exchange (CX) of hot plasma ions with cooler hydrogen neutrals is used to infer the ion energy distribution within the plasma, IED p . In high- β plasma with field nulls and ion gyro-radii comparable to the plasma size, the measured ion energy distribution (IED m ) of the CX outflux will depend on the viewing angle and position of the detector. Here, we describe the physics for this, results from a synthetic diagnostic code that contrasts the IED m to the IED p within relatively small and hot field-reversed-configuration plasmas, and how these data can show the presence of magnetic nulls and different orbit classes in the plasma.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
The locational value of distributed energy resources: A parcel-level evaluation of solar and wind potential in New York state
We report distributed energy resources (DERs) are poised to play a significant role in evolving power systems because of their flexibility to be sited in areas of high value to the grid. Traditional DER compensation frameworks, specifically net energy metering (NEM), inadequately communicate differences in the locational and temporal value of DER generation to the grid. As a transition from NEM, New York State's (NYS's) Value of Distributed Energy Resources (VDER) framework provides a methodology for calculating different value components that DERs offer the grid. To study the impacts of VDER frameworks on DER deployment, we developed a model to assess the value of distributed solar and wind systems configured as either a behind-the-meter system or a front-of-the-meter system for each parcel of land in NYS. Using parcel-level granularity, we can closely evaluate DER locational value and siting availability, particularly in urban and suburban settings. Our analysis finds while most DER generators would be modestly compensated for deferred transmission and distribution infrastructure upgrades (~0.01 $\$$/kWh for solar PV), a subset of projects receive significant value from this component (0.035 to 0.089 $\$$/kWh for top 5% of parcels for solar PV). Finally, our analysis finds VDER provides less overall compensation than NEM to the average DER generator, however, it increases access to compensation for front-of-the-meter DERs - a large and emerging market.
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3-D Full-Band Monte Carlo Simulation of Hot-Electron Energy Distributions in Gate-All-Around Si Nanowire MOSFETs
The energy distributions of electrons in gate-all-around (GAA) Si MOSFETs are analyzed using full-band 3-D Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Excellent agreement is obtained with experimental current–voltage characteristics. For these 24-nm gate length devices, the electron distribution features a smeared energy peak with an extended tail. This extension of the tail results primarily from the Coulomb scattering within the channel. A fraction of electrons that enter the drain retains their energy, resulting in an out-of-equilibrium distribution in the drain region. The simulated density and average energy of the hot electrons correlate well with experimentally observed device degradation. We propose that the interaction of high-energy electrons with hydrogen-passivated phosphorus dopant complexes within the drain may provide an additional pathway for interface-trap formation in these devices.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Peak Load Management in Distribution Systems Using Legacy Utility Equipment and Distributed Energy Resources: Preprint
The ability to perform peak load management in distribution systems has several benefits for utilities, including reduced demand charges and improved reliability, efficiency, and utilization of the network infrastructure. This paper demonstrates the coordinated operation of an advanced distribution management system (ADMS) and a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS) to achieve peak load management using a realistic laboratory test bed. A commercial ADMS reduces the peak demand by reducing system voltages using a dynamic voltage regulation (DVR) application. A prototype DERMS—based on real-time optimal power flow—controls distributed battery energy storage systems to further reduce the feeder power. Results from the experiments conducted using a model of a real distribution feeder show that the coordinated operation of the ADMS and DERMS is effective in accomplishing peak load management.
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Distributed Energy Resource Cybersecurity Standards Development [Final Report]
Currently, the solar industry is operating with little application-specific guidance on how to protect and defend their systems from cyberattacks. This 3-year Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Energy Technologies Office-funded project helped advance the distributed energy resource (DER) cybersecurity state-of-the-art by (a) bolstering industry awareness of cybersecurity concepts, risks, and solutions through a webinar series and (b) developing recommendations for DER cybersecurity standards to improve the security performance of DER products and networks. Drafting DER standards is a lengthy, consensus-based process requiring effective leadership and stakeholder participation. This project was designed to reduce standard and guide writing times by creating well-researched recommendations that could act as a starting place for national and international standards development organizations. Working within the SunSpec/Sandia DER Cybersecurity Workgroup, the team produced guidance for DER cybersecurity certification, communication protocol standards, network architecture s, access control, and patching. The team also led subgroups within the IEEE P 1547.3 Guide for Cybersecurity of Distributed Energy Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems committee and pushed a draft to ballot in October 2021.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Kinetic Energy Distribution of H(2p) Atoms from Dissociative
The kinetic energy distribution of H(2p) atoms resulting from.
kinetic energy hydrogen energy distribution spectr↗
Scalable Predictive Control and Optimization for Grid Integration of Large-Scale Distributed Energy Resources
Integrating a large number of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid needs a scalable power balancing method. We formulate the power balancing problem as a look-ahead optimization problem to be solved sequentially by a power distribution system aggregator based on a model predictive control (MPC) framework. Solving large-scale look-ahead control problems requires proper configuration of the control steps. In this paper, to solve large-scale control problems, we propose a variable time granularity where control time steps nearby the current control step have finer resolutions. The aggregator objective includes maximization of power production revenue and minimization of power purchasing expense, renewable power curtailment, and mileage costs for energy storage and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations while satisfying system capacity and operational constraints. The control problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) and solved using the XpressMP solver. We perform simulations considering a copper plate representation of a large distribution network consisting of 2507 devices (controllable DERs), including curtailable photovoltaics (PVs), energy storage batteries, EV charging stations, and buildings with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units (HVACs). We show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing DERs interactively for maximum energy trading profit and local supply-demand power balancing. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other benchmark controllers regarding computation time without compromising operational performance.
DER↗
Scalable Predictive Control and Optimization for Grid Integration of Large-Scale Distributed Energy Resources
Integrating a large number of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid needs a scalable power balancing method. We formulate the power balancing problem as a look-ahead optimization problem to be solved sequentially by a power distribution system aggregator based on a model predictive control (MPC) framework. Solving large-scale look-ahead control problems requires proper configuration of the control steps. In this paper, to solve large-scale control problems, we propose a variable time granularity where control time steps nearby the current control step have finer resolutions. The aggregator objective includes maximization of power production revenue and minimization of power purchasing expense, renewable power curtailment, and mileage costs for energy storage and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations while satisfying system capacity and operational constraints. The control problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) and solved using the XpressMP solver. We perform simulations considering a copper plate representation of a large distribution network consisting of 2507 devices (control-lable DERs), including curtailable photovoltaics (PVs), energy storage batteries, EV charging stations, and buildings with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units (HVACs). We show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing DERs interactively for maximum energy trading profit and local supply-demand power balancing. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other benchmark controllers regarding computation time without compromising operational performance.
DER↗
Cybersecurity Assessment Tools for Distributed Energy Resources
This growing number of smart devices that support DERs can increase the number of access points outside a utility’s administrative domain, which can increase the potential for cyberattack. With the integration of DERs at federal sites, the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of DER systems must be understood and addressed. This presentation covers two NREL tools available. The Distributed Energy Resource Cybersecurity Framework (DER-CF) is a web-based holistic tool for evaluating cybersecurity posture including governance, physical security and technical management. The Distributed Energy Resource Risk Manager (DER-RM) extends the DER-CF by applying it to the NIST risk management framework process. It will be downloadable application that runs locally and documents all the major requirements for achieving Authority to Operate the DER.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DERMS-RT (Distributed Energy Resource Management Solution using Real-Time Optimization) [SWR-20-46]
DERMS-RT provides a distributed energy resource management solution using real-time optimization to control different types of distributed energy resources (DERs) — such as rooftop PVs, battery energy storage systems, HVAC loads, electric water heater loads, and EV charging loads, and use these DERs to provide distribution voltage regulation and peak demand management services. The control approach implemented by DERM-RT is developed based on the real-time optimal power flow and distributed control previously developed by NREL researchers. The software codes are designed to provide modular DER management solution that can be easily applied to control heterogeneous DERs in distribution grids in coordination with centralized utility management systems. Also, DERMS-RT provides application programming interface (API) to extract useful grid model information from an open-source power system simulation software, use the information to solve the optimization problem, and apply the optimal set-points to the controlled DERs. In this way, DERMS-RT provides a plug-and-play function for implementing the real-time DER control on different utility system models, and it can be used as a simulation testbed to demonstrate the impact of real-time DER optimization on improving grid operations.
Ding, Fei↗
Federated Architecture for Secure and Transactive Distributed Energy Resource Management Solutions (FAST-DERMS)
This document provides system-level specifications for a federated architecture for secure and transactive distributed energy resource management solutions (FAST-DERMS), presents a solution, and describes operational concepts for the proposed solution. FAST-DERMS enables the provision of reliable, resilient, and secure transmission and distribution (T&D) grid services through the scalable aggregation and near-real-time management of utility-scale and small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs). We first present the principles and objectives of FAST-DERMS. Then, after discussing important system concepts, we present the specifications for FAST-DERMS and a solution that employs a distributed and federated control methodology in which the DERs connected to a single point of common coupling with the rest of the system, such as individual substations, are optimized coordinately to provide system-level grid services. FAST-DERMS aims to aggregate and coordinate the operations of DERs to support T&D grid operations. The key optimization and control component of this FAST-DERMS reference implementation is a flexible resource scheduler (FRS) that aggregates the DERs within a substation service area. These FRSs operate at the substation level and perform constrained economic dispatch of DERs, either directly or through a transactive market or aggregator, as shown in Figure ES-1. An FRS Coordinator at the distribution system operator (DSO) level aggregates distribution substations operated by FRSs and interfaces with the transmission system operator (TSO) to provide transmission services. FAST-DERMS also allows for the integration of the FRS Coordinator with an existing distribution utility management system that could be employed by the DSO to enhance distribution grid operations.
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NFPA Distributed Energy Resources Safety Training (DERST) For Emergency Responders
The National Fire Protection Association, with support from the Department of Energy, executed a multi-year initiative to develop, enhance, and disseminate Distributed Energy Resources Safety Training (DERST) tools for U.S. emergency responders. As Distributed Energy Resources (DER)—such as solar photovoltaics, battery energy storage systems (ESS), electric vehicles (EVs), and associated infrastructure—become increasingly prevalent, the NFPA identified a critical need for up-to-date standardized, accessible, and effective safety training tailored for the fire service and related public safety professionals. The project delivered a comprehensive suite of educational resources to improve responders’ abilities to safely manage DER-related incidents. This included: • Revised Modular Training Courses: Updated classroom-based DER safety courses, now modular and accessible nationwide through fire academies and the North American Fire Training Directors (NAFTD) network. • Live Burn Testing & Research: A full-scale controlled burn of a DER-equipped residential structure provided real-world data and insights, forming the basis for updated best practices. • A Gamified Simulation Tool – Firefighters Incident Response Simulation Tool (FIRST): A first-of-its-kind, multiplayer, scenario-based simulation using the Unreal Engine 5.0 to train responders in a realistic virtual, multi-DER incident environment. • Field Familiarization Software Tools & Prop Guide: Digital DER field familiarization evolutions software guide and a prop development manual to support field-based DER training exercises, enhancing responders' hands-on familiarity with DER infrastructure and collaboration on virtual incident responses. • National Dissemination Strategy: Strategic partnerships with NAFTD, Vector Solutions, and others enabled wide-scale distribution, with over 5,000 departments accessing resources and 1,100+ departments adopting the simulator in the first seven months. Also provided a web portal for easy access to all training and simulation programs developed under this grant for the U.S. responder community. Key findings from the project—particularly from the burn test—led to paradigm shifts in fire response tactics. For example, traditional approaches to garage fires may be hazardous if DERs are present, due to explosive off gassing and thermal runaway risks. The new training emphasizes scene assessment, stand-off approaches, thermal imaging verification, and careful post-incident cooling of DER components to prevent reignition. This initiative has had a significant national impact, raising awareness, enhancing preparedness, and supporting safer DER incident response practices. Significant engagement from the media, public safety organizations, and PBS coverage has further amplified the reach and adoption of NFPA’s DER safety training, tools, and simulations.
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Distributed optimization and control for autonomous distributed energy resource power dispatch and frequency regulation considering communication failures
Distributed energy resources (DERs) can significantly enhance grid flexibility by supplying power and secondary frequency regulation (SFR) services. Yet, their large number and dispersed nature limit the effectiveness of traditional centralized power dispatch and frequency control schemes, and expose the system to single-point communication failures. This paper presents a unified distributed optimization and control framework for DER power dispatch and SFR provision. A transmission-loss-aware distributed direct current optimal power flow is first formulated to optimize DER power dispatch and reserve scheduling. On top of this, a fully distributed control scheme for DER autonomous SFR provision is developed to allocate automatic generation control signals cost-effectively while ensuring robustness to communication link disruptions. The framework is validated on IEEE 14-bus and 39-bus transmission systems with large-scale distribution feeders using transmission-distribution dynamic co-simulation, demonstrating reliable and autonomous DER power dispatch and SFR provision under diverse operating conditions and communication contingencies.
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Experimental measurement of the energy distribution of secondary electrons in an aurora.
Rocket measurement of secondary electron energy distribution in aurora, employing 180 degree electrostatic deflection analyzer
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION↗
Distributed Energy Resources Disaster Matrix
This issue brief explores how different distributed energy resources (DERs) are impacted by various types of natural disasters to assist stakeholders in evaluating the technology options best able to meet their resilience priorities.
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State Strategies for Valuing Distributed Energy Resources in Cost-Effective Locations
The deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), small-scale electricity generation sources or controllable loads connected to the distribution system or a facility served by the distribution system, can have wide-ranging and positive impacts for the electricity grid. Interconnecting a DER in a high-value location on the grid can unlock benefits beyond those that accrue to the off-taker or asset owner. When DERs are deployed optimally, not only can the individual consumer benefit, but the local utility, the electricity system, and other ratepayers can benefit as well. By engaging in locational DER planning, states can help protect their communities and ratepayers and can help ensure the reliability and resilience of the electricity system. This report explores states' role in better integrating locational value into DER siting and development. It first outlines some of the benefits that can be achieved through the deployment of DERs in high-value locations. It then looks at state policy and regulatory roles and the tools states can use to influence the location of DER development. The report next examines the challenges of locational DER planning, with a particular focus on the challenges that states face in influencing the location of DER development. It highlights three case studies from states that engaged in locational DER planning through the Multistate Initiative to Develop Solar in Locations that Provide Benefits to the Grid and then presents several lessons learned from these efforts. The final section of this report summarizes some recent publications related to locational value of DERs in the form of an abbreviated literature review.
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