Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Weight function”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10

Effect of weighting on time sidelobe suppression

Weighting simulations in the time domain were considered to shape the time-compressed pulse waveform. The digital input radar data were 32 bit I,Q, and simulated data from a point target, imaged by a Seasat-A type system. Weighting functions tested include stepped-amplitude distributions, (with 1 through 5 steps), and the cosine-squared plus pedestal distribution. Effects treated include mainlobe ratio, signal to noise ratio, and nearest sidelobe suppression.

Dicenzo, A.↗

Transformation of surface albedo to surface: Atmosphere surface and irradiance, and their spectral and temporal averages

The dependence of the albedo at the top of a realistic atmosphere upon the surface albedo, solar zenith angle, and cloud optical thickness is examined for the cases of clear sky, total cloud cover, and fractional cloud cover. The radiative transfer calculations of Dave and Braslau (1975) for particular values of surface albedo and solar zenith angle, and a single value of cloud optical thickness are used as the basis of a parametric albedo model. The question of spectral and temporal averages of albedos and reflected irradiances is addressed, and unique weighting functions for the spectral and temporal albedo averages are developed.

Nack, M. L.↗

Finite element methodology for transient conduction/forced-convection thermal analysis

Finite element methodology for steady state thermal analysis of convectively cooled structures has been extended for transient analysis. The finite elements are based on representing the fluid passages by fluid bulk-temperature nodes and fluid-solid interface nodes. The formulation of the finite element equations for a typical flow passage is based on the weighted residual method with upwind weighting functions. Computer implementation of the convective finite element methodology using explicit and implicit time integration algorithms is described. Accuracy and efficiency of the methodology is evaluated by comparisons with analytical solutions and finite-difference lumped-parameter analyses. The comparative analyses demonstrate that finite element conduction/conduction methodology may be used to predict transient temperatures with an accuracy equal or superior to the lumped-parameter finite-difference method.

Thornton, E. A.↗

Analysis of population mortality kinetics with application to the longevity followup of the Navy's '1,000 aviators'

A simple physiological model of mortality kinetics is used to assess the intuitive concept that the aging rates of populations are proportional to their mortality rates. It is assumed that the vitality of an individual can be expressed as a simple summation of the weighted functional capacities of its organs and homeostatic systems that are indispensable for survival. It is shown that the mortality kinetics of a population can be derived by a linear transformation of the frequency distribution of vitality, assuming a uniform constant rate of decline of the physiological functions. A simple comparison of two populations is not possible when they have different vitality frequency distributions. Analysis of the data using the model suggests that the differences in decline of survivorship with age between the military pilot population, a medically insured population, and the control population can be accounted for by the effect of physical selection on the vitality frequency distribution of the screened populations.

Economos, A. C.↗

A passive microwave technique for profiling of atmospheric water vapor

There is considerable interest in remote measurements of the vertical distribution of water vapor, particularly under cloud conditions. The net integrated amount of water vapor has been measured using the 22.235-GHz water vapor line (Staelin et al., 1975). Attempts to use this line for obtaining vertical distribution information have not been fruitful because of the weakness of absorption even at line center. The 183.310-GHz line is much stronger and thus provides a possibility of profiling water vapor. The paper presents a preliminary analysis of this possibility. A technique is described for retrieval of water vapor profiles from microwave radiometric measurements near the 183-GHz water vapor line, and weighting functions useful in the retrievals are developed. The results suggest that microwave radiometry near the 183-GHz water vapor line could yield interesting water vapor profiles, at least over oceans.

Schaerer, G.↗

Four-quadrant CCD analog multiplier

Sequential processing technique improves accuracy when CCD-array signals are multiplied by weighting function to remove offsets. System uses two schemes to cancel undesired output contributions arising from prerequisite biases. First is spontaneous cancellation by multiple "nominally identical" devices; second is sequential cancellation where same devices are used repeatedly to form multiple products. Single device then successively subtracts products, eliminating effects of MOS-array threshold nonuniformities.

Brooks, C. W.↗

A power law fit to oxygen absorption at 60 GHz and its application to remote sensing of atmospheric temperature

The paper presents an empirical study of the oxygen spectrum near 60 GHz with reference to its applicability to the remote sensing of the tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature. It is demonstrated that the absorption coefficient of oxygen at 60 GHz can be fitted to the power law form with a relative rms error of about 8%. The power law form, when used in conjunction with the weighting function, permits the definition of some basic quantities in the passive remote sensing of the atmospheric temperature. It is shown how the power law form has been utilized in processing data from the Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer experiment. The algorithm presented can be applied to spectrometer experiments at infrared frequencies.

Poon, R. K. L.↗

Laboratory simulation of tropospheric pollution sensing with a pressure modulator radiometer /PMR/

The optical properties of carbon monoxide gas uniformly distributed in the atmosphere have been simulated in a 20.48 cm long cell in the laboratory. The altitude of the peak of the weighting function for several concentrations was found using a Pressure Modulator Radiometer (PMR). The effect of a fluctuating background radiance and gaseous nitrous oxide on the carbon monoxide signals were examined.

Hinton, D. E.↗

Practical optimal flight control system design for helicopter aircraft. Volume 2: Software user's guide

A method by which modern and classical control theory techniques may be integrated in a synergistic fashion and used in the design of practical flight control systems is presented. A general procedure is developed, and several illustrative examples are included. Emphasis is placed not only on the synthesis of the design, but on the assessment of the results as well. The first step is to establish the differences, distinguishing characteristics and connections between the modern and classical control theory approaches. Ultimately, this uncovers a relationship between bandwidth goals familiar in classical control and cost function weights in the equivalent optimal system. In order to obtain a practical optimal solution, it is also necessary to formulate the problem very carefully, and each choice of state, measurement and output variable must be judiciously considered. Once design goals are established and problem formulation completed, the control system is synthesized in a straightforward manner. Three steps are involved: filter-observer solution, regulator solution, and the combination of those two into the controller. Assessment of the controller permits and examination and expansion of the synthesis results.

Riedel, S. A.↗

Action spectra for photosynthetic inhibition

The ultraviolet action spectrum for photosynthesis inhibition was determined to fall between that of the general DNA action spectrum and the generalized plant action spectrum. The characteristics of this action spectrum suggest that a combination of pronounced increase in effectiveness with decreasing wavelength, substantial specificity for the UV-B waveband, and very diminished response in the UV-A waveband result in large radiation amplification factors when the action spectra are used as weighting functions. Attempted determination of dose/response relationships for leaf disc inhibition provided inconclusive data from which to deconvolute an action spectrum.

Caldwell, M. M.↗

Multidisciplinary Research Program in Atmospheric Science

A theoretical analysis of the vertical resolving power of the High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) and the Advanced Meteorological Temperature Sounder (AMTS) is carried out. The infrared transmittance weighting functions and associated radiative transfer kernels are analyzed through singular value decomposition. The AMTS was found to contain several more pieces of independent information than HIRS when the transmittances were considered, but the two instruments appeared to be much more similar when the temperature sensitive radiative transfer kernels were analyzed. The HIRS and AMTS instruments were also subjected to a thorough analysis. It was found that the two instruments should have very similar vertical resolving power below 500 mb but that AMTS should have superior resolving power above 200 mb. In the layer 200 to 500 mb the AMTS showed badly degraded spread function.

Thompson, O. E.↗

Inversion technique for IR heterodyne sounding of stratospheric constituents from space platforms

The techniques which have been employed for inversion of IR heterodyne measurements for remote sounding of stratospheric trace constituents usually rely on either geometric effects based on limb-scan observations (i.e., onion peel techniques) or spectral effects by using weighting functions corresponding to different frequencies of an IR spectral line. An experimental approach and inversion technique are discussed which optimize the retrieval of concentration profiles by combining the geometric and the spectral effects in an IR heterodyne receiver. The results of inversions of some synthetic CIO spectral lines corresponding to solar occultation limb scans of the stratosphere are presented, indicating considerable improvement in the accuracy of the retrieved profiles. The effects of noise on the accuracy of retrievals are discussed for realistic situations.

Abbas, M. M.↗

Vertical-structure effects on planetary microwave brightness temperature measurements - Applications to the lunar regolith

An attempt to constrain the effects of vertical variations in dielectric properties on lunar microwave observations is presented. A numerical approach for deriving the reflectivity and microwave weighting function of a vertically varying half-space is used, assuming variance in the dielectric properties with depth only, and negligible magnetic effects. The cases of continuous and stratified models of vertical structures are discussed, and a concentration of emitted energy in upper layers is found. The total emitted energy oscillates, varying with the thickness of the upper soil layer, but averaging out interference effects due to random variations in the substrate depth. Consideration is also given to the vertical structure effects on the lunation-mean disk-center brightness temperature, its variations, and the regolith electrical loss, and predicted reflectivity effects by feasible models of the lunar regolith dielectric profile.

Keihm, S. J.↗

A vectorized, finite-volume, adaptive-grid algorithm for Navier-Stokes calculations

An adaptive grid, finite-volume method has been used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for complete (forebody and afterbody) flowfields around blunt bodies. The code, which is applicable for axisymmetric or two-dimensional flows, allows the mesh to adjust during the computation to provide a closer spacing of mesh points in regions of high gradients, thus minimizing the number of required computational points. The solution technique is explicit, utilizing a maximum time-step advancement at each grid point to accelerate convergence to the steady state. The code has been fully vectorized for efficient solution on the CYBER 203 computer. A very flexible rezoning routine is used to concentrate mesh points anywhere in the field, either by a user-defined weighting function or by allowing high gradient regions to adjust the grid. The grid adjustment routine is implicit in nature and represents a very small portion of the total computational cost. Currently, the code runs in approximately 0.000016 seconds per grid point per iteration.

Gnoffo, P. A.↗

Determination of vertical ozone distributions by spacecraft measurements using a limb-scan technique

The principle of a new inversion technique which uses multiple wavelength-solar UV radiation satellite measurements for determining vertical ozone profiles is described, and examples of computer simulations for 280, 300, 320, and 340 nm are discussed. Weighting functions corresponding to the sensitivity of the limb radiance to the relative ozone density at each altitude are the basis for the inversion equation, which is then solved by an iteration technique. The use of multiple wavelengths can provide more information of higher accuracy over a wider height range than those profiles recovered at a single wavelength. It is indicated that an effective range of altitude of approximately 20-70 km with a vertical resolution of 1-2 km is feasible for determining ozone profiles with an inferred profile error about three to four times larger than the measurement error within that altitude region. Ozone profile accuracy of the highest altitude region may be improved using wavelengths down to 260 nm, and inferred ozone profiles above 70 km are possible, but with a larger error.

Aruga, T.↗

Mesoscale analysis of VAS 6.7 micron image data for several case studies

Several case studies are examined in an attempt to relate Visible infrared spin scan radiometers Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) water vapor channel radiance data to atmospheric moisture. Since the 6.7 micrometer channel detects radiation emitted by atmospheric water vapor from a rather thick layer, a scheme is developed which weighted rawinsonde observations of relative humidity in a similar manner. A comparison of the two fields (weighted relative humidity values from gridded rawinsonde observations and the VAS water vapor image) indicates that even when mesoscale data are used, the technique only presented a smooth representation of the radiance field. This weighting function is dependent on both the temperature and moisture distribution of the atmosphere. Cross sections of relative humidity from the mesoscale rawinsondes are produced which sliced the water vapor imagery in particularly interesting regions (areas of high and low blackbody temperatures). Comparisons are then made between the cross sections and the variations in the VAS radiance data along the cross section line. Bright regions in the water vapor imagery (cold blackbody temperatures) are often associated with thin layers of high relative humidity or thick layers of only moderately moist air. The reverse also applies, i.e., dark regions (warm blackbody temperatures) in the imagery corresponded well with very dry regions in the cross sections.

Jedlovec, G. J.↗

The next generation microwave sounder for weather satellites

Microwave sounders are multichannel microwave radiometers for measuring atmospheric temperature (or humidity) profiles. These devices are also known as microwave spectrometers because a sounder typically has a number of channels measuring the spectral shape of an absorption line. Each channel of the sounder responds essentially to a given layer of the atmosphere. The characteristics of currently employed microwave sounders on satellites are briefly examined, and new features expected in connection with the introduction of the next generation sounders are discussed. There will probably be an increase in the number of oxygen channels with the objective to extend the weighting function height coverage into the stratosphere and to improve the temperature retrieval accuracy. Other features are to be related to better surface resolution, auxiliary channels, and water vapor sounding.

Shiue, J. C.↗