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At least 181 records · Page 10

A Holistic Algorithmic Approach to Improving Accuracy, Robustness, and Computational Efficiency for Atmospheric Dynamics

Atmospheric weather and climate models must perform simulations very quickly to be useful. Therefore, modelers have traditionally focused on reducing computations as much as possible. However, in our new era of increasingly compute-capable hardware, data movement is now the prohibiting expense. This study examines the computational benefits of a new algorithmic approach to modeling atmospheric dynamics on scales relevant to weather and climate simulation. Rather than minimizing computations, this new approach considers the larger problem more holistically, including spatial accuracy, temporal accuracy, robustness (i.e., oscillations), on-node efficiency, and internode data transfers together at once. Numerical experiments demonstrate how computations can be strategically increased to simultaneously address each of these constraints while reducing data movement to adapt to modern accelerated hardware. The new algorithm can achieve at times up to 80% peak floating point throughput in single precision on the Nvidia Tesla V100 GPU, where the traditional approach is shown to only achieve single-digit floating point efficiency. Further, the new algorithm is twice as fast as a standard Runge--Kutta time integrator, and high-order accuracy with Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) limiting came at less than 30% additional runtime cost on a GPU, thus increasing the accuracy per degree of freedom.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

LANL Test Engineering’s Structural Dynamics Research and Development Efforts [Slides]

LANL's priority roles are serving as a nuclear weapons design agency and a nuclear weapons production agency; addressing nuclear threats; and performing national security science, technology, and engineering. LANL’s Test Engineering organization serves the national mission of maintaining a strategic nuclear deterrent by providing high-quality, empirical evidence through the execution and assessment of weapons system and component testing. Shock and vibration environmental testing provides one key piece of evidence for evaluation and qualification of these systems and components in the service environments incurred during a lifetime in the stockpile. LANL’s Test Engineering group continuously pursues research and development in structural dynamics to improve shock and vibration testing capabilities, processes, and analysis techniques to increase the fidelity of service environment recreations in laboratory testing settings. This talk will highlight several ongoing projects to represent these R&D efforts.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Renewable Energy Technology and Systems Integration for the Oil and Gas Industry

Introduction to the mission and research of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis (JISEA). JISEA is co-sponsored by industries, governments, and partnered with several academic institutions (see https://www.jisea.org). Presentation will review statistics about the growth of renewable energy and also discuss potential future trends. It will review several specific case studies relevant to the oil and gas industry, including renewable energy for industrial operations and clean technologies and fuels that would be most relevant to oil and gas technologies and capabilities.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Postdoctoral insights on mentoring excellence: a framework for best practices at Sandia National labs

The Sandia National Laboratories Strategic Plan FY24-FY27, updated for FY25, outlines Sandia’s two Big Labs-wide Goals, Accelerate Innovation and Lead in Modern Engineering. The goal of Accelerate Innovation is that “by FY27, Sandia will be a leader in scientific, engineering and operational innovation and an employer of choice for highly innovative and creative talent.” Sandia’s postdocs are leaders in innovation, well-versed in emerging techniques and cutting-edge methods, and capable of acting as a highly agile technical force across domains at the lab. As a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC), Sandia National Laboratories attracts top doctoral talent by offering a unique opportunity for postdoctoral researchers to develop at the crossroads of government, academia, and industry, working in multi-disciplinary teams and performing cutting-edge, mission-specific research that responds to immediate needs of national interest. However, this creates unique opportunities and demands of both postdoctoral appointees and the Sandia staff who act as their mentors, making mentorship key to attract talent. Since 2007 the Sandia Postdoctoral Development (SPD) Board, originally Postdoc To Professional (PD2P), a networking group at Sandia composed of a voluntary board of current postdocs and two staff liaisons, has advocated for postdoctoral development within Sandia National Labs. In this white paper, SPD board members and the Sandia Postdoctoral Development Office, organized in 2019, have come together to develop a comprehensive overview of the postdoctoral mentoring landscape at Sandia National Labs as we currently know it. By scouring various forms of data from efforts since 2018, we’ve compiled a community-derived perspective on what makes postdoctoral mentorship at Sandia unique. First, we analyze working sessions held between mentors and mentees to develop a comprehensive map of who is involved in postdoctoral mentorship at the lab and how the responsibilities are divided amongst mentors and mentees. We then combine multiple forms of data, including exit surveys, annual surveys, and community workshops, to identify the specific challenges that mentors and mentees encounter at the national lab. Finally, we use text mining and sentiment analysis to analyze mentoring award data to develop an idea of what postdocs are self-identifying as excellent mentorship within the lab. It is our goal that this white paper act as an ongoing resource to the postdoc and postdoc mentoring communities and provide a firm foundation for further conversations on the future of postdoctoral mentorship at Sandia National Labs.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Business Plan for a Domestic Supply of Superconducting Radiofrequency Cavities

Superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities are critical components of modern particle accelerators. The industrialization of SRF technology in the U.S. has a long history, with several companies becoming interested in the technology in the past 30 years. However, there is currently no U.S. manufacturer with the capability to produce fully assembled, ready-to-test SRF cavities. A majority of these companies have either left the field or shut their doors. As a result, government-sponsored SRF accelerator projects in the U.S. largely rely on European vendors for the cavity supply. This presents not only a supply chain risk for scientific use cases, but also severely limits the commercialization of accelerator-based technologies. SRF accelerators have a range of strategic applications, including environmental remediation, semiconductor lithography, medical isotope production, and irradiation/sterilization. The nurturing of a domestic SRF industry is critical to maintaining U.S. economic competitiveness.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

CSAC observations from 2025 CHEDAR review [Slides]

Overall, the CSAC is impressed by the strong start of CHEDAR, a multi-institutional center with broader scope than its predecessor. The CSAC was impressed and energized by discussions with center students and staff; the enthusiasm for science is universal and the sense of the contribution in context to the NNSA mission is mostly understood. The Center is well positioned to build on a strong start and (1) enhance integration of code-development targeted to, and numerical design in on-going experimental campaigns, (2) focus and better tell the story of the astrophysical connection for on-going experimental campaigns, and (3) expand and deepen ties between Center students (and faculty) and the NNSA National Laboratories. Overall, the CSAC was encouraged and energized by the materials presented. Now, the Center has to recognize the need to continue growing strategically. There is abundant access to experimental facilities – is that a challenge to focused effort? The PIs will need to balance the pace of experimental campaigns and analysis and simulation so that informed progress and focused investigation can develop in each campaign. There was a clear need to connect simulations to the goals of experimental campaigns – what is the best way to cultivate that connection? Are there adequate resources in the near term to develop code capability? What is the balance between close personal mentorship and collaboration across the separate institutions that compose the Center? The CSAC feels confident that the team leading CHEDAR will find creative solution to these challenges.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

A Conceptual Framework to Describe Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Interactions

Energy efficiency (EE) and demand response (DR) resources provide important utility systems and ratepayer benefits. At the same time, the rapid change in the amount and type of variable renewable energy, like solar and wind, is reshaping the role and economic value of EE and DR, and will likely affect the time-dependent valuation of EE and DR measures. Utilities are increasingly interested in integrating EE and DR measures as a strategic approach to improve their collective cost-effectiveness and performance. We develop a framework to identify the EE and DR attributes, system conditions, and technological factors that are likely to drive interactions between EE and DR. We apply the framework to example measures with different technology specifics in the context of different utility system conditions. We find that EE and DR interactions are likely driven by changes in discretionary load, the addition of controls or other capabilities to shift loads, and the coincidence of savings with system peak or load building periods. Our analysis suggests increasing complexity in evaluating EE and DR interactions when moving from standalone equipment to integrated systems. The framework can be applied to research on integrated building systems by grouping measures into portfolios with different likely implications for EE and DR interactions.

Satchwell, Andrew J. (ORCID:0000000244053599)↗

Machine learning and deep learning tools for the automated capture of cancer surveillance data

The National Cancer Institute and the Department of Energy strategic partnership applies advanced computing and predictive machine learning and deep learning models to automate the capture of information from unstructured clinical text for inclusion in cancer registries. Applications include extraction of key data elements from pathology reports, determination of whether a pathology or radiology report is related to cancer, extraction of relevant biomarker information, and identification of recurrence. With the growing complexity of cancer diagnosis and treatment, capturing essential information with purely manual methods is increasingly difficult. These new methods for applying advanced computational capabilities to automate data extraction represent an opportunity to close critical information gaps and create a nimble, flexible platform on which new information sources, such as genomics, can be added. This will ultimately provide a deeper understanding of the drivers of cancer and outcomes in the population and increase the timeliness of reporting. These advances will enable better understanding of how real-world patients are treated and the outcomes associated with those treatments in the context of our complex medical and social environment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Investigating explainable transfer learning for battery lifetime prediction under state transitions

Battery lifetime prediction at early cycles is crucial for researchers and manufacturers to examine product quality and promote technology development. Machine learning has been widely utilized to construct data-driven solutions for high-accuracy predictions. However, the internal mechanisms of batteries are sensitive to many factors, such as charging/discharging protocols, manufacturing/storage conditions, and usage patterns. These factors will induce state transitions, thereby decreasing the prediction accuracy of data-driven approaches. Transfer learning is a promising technique that overcomes this difficulty and achieves accurate predictions by jointly utilizing information from various sources. Hence, we develop two transfer learning methods, Bayesian Model Fusion and Weighted Orthogonal Matching Pursuit, to strategically combine prior knowledge with limited information from the target dataset to achieve superior prediction performance. From our results, our transfer learning methods reduce root-mean-squared error by 41% through adapting to the target domain. Furthermore, the transfer learning strategies identify the variations of impactful features across different sets of batteries and therefore disentangle the battery degradation mechanisms and the root cause of state transitions from the perspective of data mining. These findings suggest that the transfer learning strategies proposed in our work are capable of acquiring knowledge across multiple data sources for solving specialized issues.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Strategic Planning for Energy-Resilient Communities

Distributed energy resources (DERs) offer flexibility and community benefits in both blue- and black-sky conditions. Outside of a power disruption, they can provide significant cost savings and reduce grid stress during times of high demand. During a disruption to the central grid, these technologies can meet critical energy needs through the use of battery storage. However, communities must consider many planning and design dimensions and tradeoffs to integrate energy systems that meet financial and resilience goals. This presentation, given at the 2026 State Energy Conference of North Carolina, defines resilience in an energy context, discusses strategies and best practices for planning resilient energy systems and sites, including resilience hubs and microgrids, highlights NLR tools and capabilities for helping communities in this space, and features successful case studies in North Carolina related to energy resilience.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Critical steps in preventing future pandemics. Early lessons from the Covid-19 crisis for addressing natural and deliberate biological threats.

This report summarizes a virtual workshop on early lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic as they pertain to proactively addressing future biological threats. Co-hosted by Sandia National Laboratory (Sandia) and the Council on Strategic Risks (CSR) in August 2020, the discussion involved experts who at that time were leading innovative efforts in various U.S. government agencies, industry, and academia sharing observations from their ongoing pandemic response efforts. Based on the input by these expert participants, it is clear that even though the pandemic response is ongoing, the following recommendations will be important to consider for more successfully addressing biological threats in the future: Continue building on the cross-sector collaboration and agility shown in the COVID-19 response; Expand capabilities for detecting biological threats early; Prioritize ways to create and disseminate medical countermeasures even faster; Create the U.S. bio industrial base needed for rapid response to biological threats, and keep it healthy; and, Major government reorganization may not be needed if there is effective work to form coalitions, improve coordination, and expand steady-state and surge capacities.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes using model-informed electrode designs

Direct recycling lithium-ion battery cathodes, a process that retains the engineered oxide structures from end-of-life materials, presents a cost-effective and energy-efficient alternative to other battery recycling methods. However, while direct-recycled cathodes have demonstrated performance comparable to that of pristine materials at low cycling rates, their high-rate performance remains uncertain. Morphology changes in cathode particles, a main mode of degradation, directly impact rate performance by limiting surface kinetics and solid-phase diffusion. If direct recycling processes do not sufficiently restore pristine-like morphologies, the recycled materials may retain structural defects that hinder high-rate performance. The present work uses a physics-based pseudo-2D model to simulate hybrid electrodes with pristine and artificially “aged/recycled” NMC materials to investigate potential impacts of incorporating performance-limited aged cathode materials into cells. The study highlights how differences in transport and kinetic properties can influence rate capabilities in mixed electrodes — particularly in high-loading cells in high-demand applications. However, model results also reveal a possible mitigation strategy via dual-layer electrode architectures with lower-performing materials positioned near the current collector. Simulations of 4.0 mAh cm −2 cells cycled at 4C using a dual-layer architecture provided approximately 5%–30% more capacity in constant-current protocols compared to homogeneously blended electrode architectures with the same loadings and mixed-material compositions. These findings highlight the importance of strategic electrode design in minimizing potential performance losses and facilitating the integration of recycled materials into high-performance batteries, advancing sustainable and cost-effective battery manufacturing.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Application of Cyber-Informed Engineering for Protecting BESS

This white paper synthesizes an array of crucial grid services provided by BESS technology, assesses its architecture and communications, and presents a case study for analysis against the principles introduced by Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE). Furthermore, in walking through the analysis, this paper presents a framework to evaluate risks and solutions when considering BESS components. Asset owners and buyers could perform this analysis to assess their BESS product implementations, alternative inverter-based resources (IBR), and energy management systems (EMS). Battery systems fulfill various roles contingent on the unique market demands and the specific challenges presented by regional grid infrastructures. These roles also vary due to the differing utility models for ownership and operation, which are adapted to meet regional and local capabilities and requirements. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for adversaries to exploit knowledge of battery operational patterns to orchestrate decisive attacks. However, the security of operational data for these systems may not be the primary vulnerability, as much of this information is already well-understood within the community. Applying a modest degree of subject matter expertise can often yield valuable predictions regarding how a battery will respond under certain conditions, such as grid emergencies, high or low-temperature days, Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events, and outages. The operational characteristics of batteries are well-documented, and their capabilities, including the risks associated with misoperation and the resulting consequences, are published and understood within the industry. CIE practices represent the next step in gaining functional assurance and providing an acceptable level of risk, regardless of whether a battery vendor can support a trusted and validated supply chain. While this issue has exacerbated supply chain challenges, it is not an isolated condition. This foreign supply route is the primary source of BESS for the U.S. market. Significant efforts are underway through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) to change that. Still, strategic short-term operational mitigations are needed to ensure the security of our operational technology (OT) systems, which are enhanced by instilling trust and are separate from vendors implementing CIE principles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

PowerAmerica (Final Technical Report)

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (predecessor to AMMTO) established PowerAmerica in December 2014 to develop and accelerate the adoption of wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor chips and power electronics in manufacturing. The objective was to spark early commercialization of energy efficient products; educate and train the workforce; create high-tech jobs; and nurture the growth of the U.S. WBG semiconductor manufacturing industry. PowerAmerica isled by North Carolina State University by way of a five-year, $140M cooperative agreement with DoE. This private-public partnership with DoE includes member companies ranging from startups and small-medium enterprises to large system integrators, world-class universities, and national labs. The WBG power electronic ecosystem formed by our diverse membership is focused on using advanced manufacturing to 1) lower the cost of silicon carbide and gallium nitride semiconductor devices to be comparable to silicon devices; 2) demonstrate the system benefits and energy efficiency advantages of WBG semiconductor power electronics through system demonstrations that validate their effectiveness; and 3) build an education pipeline for a skilled workforce to meet the future demand for emerging WBG semiconductor markets — and enhance U.S. economic competitiveness globally. PowerAmerica was initially funded in six budget periods, each lasting 12 to 18 months. By the end of Budget Period 6 (August 2023), PowerAmerica had achieved its major objectives in technology development, semiconductor device cost reduction, ecosystem growth and engagement, and education and workforce development. Through strategic foundry investments, we helped to establish the first U.S. SiC foundry (X-FAB) and supported a lab (Microchip) to start SiC volume production. We’ve helped bring together companies from different parts of the supply chain, resulting in several successful new partnerships and business relationships. Through projects with some of the largest manufacturers of energy-intensive equipment in the U.S. — John Deere, GE, United Technologies, Raytheon, Carrier, Toshiba, and others — we have successfully demonstrated the energy and system benefits of WBG technology. We have also harnessed the unique capabilities and facilities of national labs — the Naval Research Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Argonne National Laboratory — to help solve challenging technical problems for industry. Thanks to our many webinars, tutorials, annual events, and presence at major energy and electronics conferences around the world, the PowerAmerica name has become synonymous with WBG technology advancement. The commercial interest in WBG technology is higher than ever; companies and governments around the world have announced hundreds of millions of dollarsin future investment to build capacity — and compete with silicon in many markets and applications. We have trained hundreds of engineering students, from universities across the U.S., through hands-on projects and WBG coursework. Working professionals have also benefited through the years from our many targeted short courses, tutorials, and technical webinars. In short, PowerAmerica has made great strides in each of our key objectives, and the organization has been operating without government or NC State

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Differentiable Multiphysics Codes: A Breakthrough Technology for Simulation and Computing

This document summarizes the findings of a strategic planning exercise commissioned by the Weapons Simulation and Computing, Computational Physics (WSC/CP) program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in FY24. During the year, the committee met with multiple stakeholder communities to gather input, opinions, suggestions and concerns which have been incorporated throughout this document. The key findings from this exercise are summarized: • The development of multiphysics modelling and simulation (mod/sim) codes and software technologies, their deployment on exascale compute platforms, and their broad adoption across the NNSA is a major success of the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) program and the Exascale Computing Project (ECP). Sustained investment in these core technologies is essential. • Today’s state of the art involves running ensembles of O(100K) simulations to perform uncertainty quantification (UQ) and design studies using multiple statistical methods such as Bayesian optimization to understand sensitivities of our models and explore parameterized design spaces. Even with exascale computing, we are practically limited to O(10) parameters in these studies since the number of simulations required to sample the space scales exponentially with the number of design parameters. • The data from these simulation ensembles is increasingly being used to train machine learned (ML) surrogates (or reduced order models, ROMs) which can then be used for optimization or real time design exploration. However, the trained surrogates are still limited in the number of parameters they can represent due to the sampling limitations previously noted. • Augmenting our suite of integrated multiphysics simulation codes, both current and emerging, with the ability to compute gradients (solution derivatives) of arbitrary simulation outputs with respect to (some or all) simulation inputs would be a breakthrough technology, opening the door to a new era of efficient and automated inverse design based on verified and validated mod/sim capabilities. • This capability, which we refer to as differentiable multiphysics codes (DMCs), would revolutionize both UQ and optimization studies by breaking the curse of dimensionality that presently limits our “gradient-free” ensemble based computing approach. A similar breakthrough occurred in the AI/ML community once the ability to compute gradients of arbitrary loss functions using back-propagation became commonplace. Gradient information from the multiphysics codes can also be used to dramatically improve the efficiency and scale of training of ML/ROM surrogates for rapid assessments. • Achieving this in our suite of codes will be a grand challenge, similar to the amount of effort that was required to transition from CPU to GPU computing. It will require buy-in from the entire WSC/CP program and beyond, including all integrated codes, physics and engineering models, third-party library dependencies and performance portability abstractions. It will also require investment in research and development of numerical methods for computing adjoints of coupled physics across multiple adaptively refined moving meshes and of stochastic (Monte Carlo) and mesh free (SPH) methods. • New software and numerical techniques, largely pioneered by the AI/ML community, make this feasible. Chief among these is automatic differentiation (AD), the ability to employ AD at point-wise locations in a physics calculation (instead of traditional black-box approaches) and the ability to perform “back-propagation in time” (or reverse mode AD) for non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). Fundamentally, the conclusion of this strategic planning exercise is that the time is right to undertake a large scale effort in WSC, centered on the existing integrated codes, to continue the natural evolution of mod/sim in the age of AI/ML. Instead of attempting to replace mod/sim with purely data driven AI/ML models, we believe the key to success is to integrate AI/ML by building on top of the decades of hard-won knowledge and the verified/validated multiphysics modelling capability that is the hallmark of the ASC program.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Evaluation of erosion potential of bio-based multicomponent blendstocks using experimentally-validated computational fluid dynamics

The optimization of the fuel-engine interface and associated performance is a significant goal for CoOptima and the industry. The strategic driver for fuel-engine optimization is clear: diesel optimization can significantly reduce emissions including NOx, particulate matter, and CO2 emissions. Previous evaluations of ethanol and diesel blends raised significant concerns with fuel injector erosion using ethanol blends. While Sylvatex’s technology can use ethanol, it also utilizes a surfactant and water to compatibilize and modify ethanol blends, thereby controlling its impact in diesel engines. The results from the project will (1) provide important insights into complex fuels and erosion, which will be used to design additional, improved formulations; and (2) expand capabilities of Argonne’s cavitation-induced erosion risk assessment (CIERA) tool to model multi-component systems, furthering Co-Optima objectives.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Virtual Inspection of Advanced Manufacturing via Process-Scale Digital Twins (Abbreviated Report)

Inspection and certification comprise the most significant bottlenecks in advanced manufacturing for NNSA applications, often requiring far more time and resources than the fabrication of the parts themselves. Traditional methods, such as manual review and X-ray computed tomography, are not only slow and costly, but also struggle to provide a clear connection between manufacturing instructions and the final performance of critical components. This gap limits both the agility and assurance needed to support the modernization and safety of the United States nuclear stockpile. In response, our Strategic Initiative established a digital twin framework that integrates realtime process monitoring, automated data analysis, and immersive virtual reality collaboration into a unified inspection pipeline. By leveraging data from sensors, machine instructions, and imaging, we created high-fidelity virtual models of manufactured parts that could be rapidly analyzed and certified. This approach was first demonstrated with Direct Ink Write, and then extended to other manufacturing settings, including conventional (or “subtractive”) manufacturing and to predict the end of life performance of parts per the aging and lifetimes programs. The result is a transformational capability: inspection times have been reduced by a factor of 120,000 without loss of accuracy and while simultaneously improving traceability and confidence in part quality. This framework not only streamlines certification for critical applications, but also positions the national security enterprise to respond more flexibly to emerging challenges, supporting agile manufacturing and digital engineering practices across a broad range of mission-relevant domains.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Establishment of an Intertribal Technical Energy Providers Network (Final Technical Report)

The Midwest Tribal Energy Resources Association (MTERA) embarked on a 5-year (extended to 7-year) initiative aimed at advancing Tribal energy resilience and sustainability through intertribal collaboration. By bringing together Tribes in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan (EPA Region 5 Tribes), the project's scope encompassed organizational growth, governance and management formalization and enhancement, and the planning and deployment of energy-related services to Member Tribes. MTERA strategically pursued four key objectives to fulfill its mission: 1. Clearinghouse Development: Creation of a centralized hub offering valuable information, education, and outreach for Tribal communities and their neighbors. 2. Policy Liaison: Serving as a vital link between federal and state agencies to contribute to the formulation of inclusive energy policies that ensure both Tribal and regional energy success. 3. Energy Planning and Research: Providing essential support for energy planning, researching financing opportunities, and exploring effective procurement strategies. 4. Training Support: Facilitating training and apprenticeship initiatives to empower the Tribal workforce and enhance community capabilities.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗