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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Elevating the Practical Application of Sodium-Ion Batteries through Advanced Characterization Studies on Cathodes

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising alternatives to their lithium-ion counterparts due to the abundance of sodium resources and their potential for cost-effective energy storage solutions. The chemistry for SIBs has been investigated since the 1980s, but it went through a slow research and development process. Recently, there has been an acceleration in technology maturation due to a supply chain crisis originating from unequal resource distribution and sustainability and safety concerns regarding lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of SIBs has been hindered primarily by challenges related to cathode materials, specifically, surface and structural stabilities in different conditions. Through the integration of advanced techniques such as in situ spectroscopy, operando diffraction, and high-resolution microscopy, a comprehensive understanding of the cathode’s dynamic behavior and degradation mechanisms can be achieved. The identified structural modifications, phase transitions, and degradation pathways offer critical insights into the design of robust cathode materials with prolonged cycling stability, fast charging capability, high energy density, great low-temperature performance, and safety. This review underscores the pivotal role of cutting-edge characterization techniques in guiding the development of high-performance sodium-ion batteries, thereby fostering the realization of sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions for diverse technological applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stability boundary and optimal operating parameter identification in milling using Bayesian learning

Here, this paper describes a novel Bayesian learning approach for stability boundary and optimal parameter identification in milling without the knowledge of the underlying tool dynamics or material cutting force coefficients. The paper is divided into two parts. First, a Bayesian learning method for stability lobe identification using test results is described. Each axial depth and spindle speed combination is characterized by a probability of stability which is updated using Bayes’ rule when a test result (stable or unstable) is made available. A novel likelihood function is defined which incorporates knowledge of the stability behavior. Numerical results show convergence to the analytical stability lobe diagram. Second, an adaptive experimental strategy to identify optimal operating parameters that maximize material removal rate is described. Numerical evaluation shows convergence to the optimal operating point with error less than 15 % within ten tests on average. The approach is validated using experimental results. Results show that the proposed method is an efficient and robust learning method to identify the stability lobe diagram and optimal operating parameters with a limited number of tests/data points.

Bayesian machine learning↗
DOE OSTI2020

Molecular bond stabilization in the strong-field dissociation of O 2 +

We theoretically examine the rotational and vibrational dynamics of O 2 + molecular ions exposed to intense, short laser pulses for conditions realized in contemporary pump-probe experiments. We solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for an initial distribution of randomly aligned molecular ions. For fixed peak intensities, our numerical results show that total, angle-integrated O 2 + → O( 3 P) + O + ( 4 S 0 ) dissociation yields do not monotonically increase with increasing infrared-probe pulse duration. We find this pulse-duration-dependent stabilization to be consistent with the transient trapping of nuclear probability density in a light-induced (bond-hardening) potential-energy surface and robust against rotational excitation. We analyze this stabilization effect and its underlying bond-hardening mechanism (i) in the time domain, by following the evolution of partial nuclear probability densities associated with the dipole-coupled O 2 + (a 4 Π u ) and O 2 + (f 4 Π g ) cationic states, and (ii) in the frequency domain, by examining rovibrational quantum-beat spectra for the evolution of the partial nuclear probability densities associated with these states. In this work, our analysis reveals the characteristic timescale for the bond-hardening mechanism in O 2 + and explains the onset of bond stabilization for sufficiently long pulse durations.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Wet chemical synthesis and properties of argyrodite sulfide solid electrolytes for solid state lithium batteries

The commercialization of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) in 1991 was responsible for the explosion in portable electronic technologies that has been seen over the past 30 years. With the advent of electric vehicles and other high-powered technologies, there is tremendous demand for LIBs with higher energy density and high safety. To achieve this, new electrode materials must be explored. The obvious choice of anode material would be pure metal lithium, which has a theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mAh g-1 . Unfortunately, metal lithium anodes have not been widely commercialized due to their tendency to react violently with the flammable liquid electrolytes used in today’s batteries. Battery safety can best be achieved by adopting solid electrolytes in place of liquid electrolytes. Solid electrolytes are nonvolatile and nonflammable, safely allowing for the combination of high-capacity cathode materials with a Li metal anode. Argyrodite sulfide solid electrolytes such as halogen-doped Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, I) are noted for their high ionic conductivity. But before sulfides can be commercially adopted, they possess several disadvantages which must be addressed, including time- and energy-consuming synthesis processes, poor electrochemical stability, and intrinsically poor air stability. This dissertation seeks to address each of these challenges through materials design an synthesis strategies. In this work, we pioneer a solvent-based approach for the synthesis of argyrodite solid electrolytes Li7PS6 and Li6PS5Xinstead of a stringent solid-state synthesis. Nontoxic ethanol is employed as the solvent, enabling a rapid synthetic approach to produce argyrodite solid electrolytes with high phase purity and compositional flexibility. Compared with Li7PS6, halogen doping (i.e. X = F, Cl, Br, I) not only increases the ionic conductivity, but also enhances the electrochemical stability at the interface towards Li metal. Specifically, F-doped argyrodites produce a robust SEI layer containing LiF, contributing to enhanced interfacial stability. Finally, to address the air instability challenge, argyrodite-incorporated composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are designed and prepared to produce stable and flexible membranes that are demonstrated in solid-state Li metal batteries. These advances push argyrodite sulfide solid electrolyte research further and pave the way for the proliferation of next generation lithium metal batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anode-free, Lean-Electrolyte Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled by Tellurium-Stabilized Lithium Deposition

For realizing practically viable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, it is imperative to stabilize Li deposition and improve cyclability while reducing excess Li and electrolyte. We have discovered that introducing tellurium (Te) into the Li-S system as a cathode additive significantly improves the reversibility of Li plating and stripping by forming a tellurized and sulfide-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Li surface. A remarkable improvement in cyclability is demonstrated in anode-free full cells with limited Li inventory and large-area Li-S pouch cells under lean electrolyte conditions. Tellurium reacts with polysulfides to generate soluble polytellurosulfides that migrate to the anode side and form stabilizing lithium thiotellurate and lithium telluride in situ as SEI components. A significant reduction in electrolyte decomposition on the Li surface is also engendered. This work demonstrates Te inclusion as a viable strategy for stabilizing Li deposition and establishes a robust evaluation framework for preserving electrochemical performance under limited Li and limited electrolyte conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Stabilizer based Predictive Control Scheme for Smart Inverters in Weak Grid

This paper presents a self-stabilization mechanism based on finite-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) framework for smart inverters operating in weak grid conditions. As weak grid’s large parasitic impedance and low short-circuitratio (SCR) challenge the stable operation of grid-connected inverters. Specifically, the inverter may experience frequencies that might excite the LCL filter resonance phenomenon. The inverter stability collapses if this LCL resonance is triggered. To address this issue, a robust predictive controller is proposed that features a self-stabilization mechanism for smart inverters interacting with a weak grid. The proposed methodology utilizes the idea that in stiff grid conditions the grid current feedback (GCF) is stable and in weak grid conditions the inverter current feedback (ICF) is stable. Therefore, the proposed FCS-MPC toggles between GCF and ICF to achieve inherent LCL filter resonance damping. The toggling action between GCF and ICF is leveraged by comparing the moving RMS grid current with threshold current as a constrained in the proposed FCS-MPC cost function. The theoretical analyses are verified by several case studies for a single-phase grid-connected inverter. The analysis and results demonstrated that the proposed FCS-MPC operates well under weak, ultra-weak and stiff grid conditions.

Umar, Muhammad Farooq↗
DOE OSTI2022

Improved Moisture Management Technology for Eco-N-Control Fertilizer

Three fertilizer technologies to manage nitrogen (N) release rates in soil dominate the market today: 1) bulk controlled-release technologies, which use the intrinsic solubility properties of a N-organic co-polymer to control N release; 2) barrier-based controlled-release technologies, which use porous polymer or sulfur coatings as a physical barrier to control N release from encapsulated N nutrients; and 3) slow-release technologies, which use enzyme inhibitors to chemically slow down the transformation of N nutrients into ammonia (NH 3 ) or to temporarily reduce populations of bacteria in the soil that are responsible for converting ammonium (NH 4 + ) to highly soluble nitrates. These technologies are expensive and provide only limited control of N-release rates. Also, from another environmental perspective, synthetic polymer coatings do not decompose easily and will accumulate over time with continuous application of fertilizer. For most of the past two decades we have been developing the Eco-N-Control solid-nitride fertilizer technology, a type of bulk controlled-release technology. With Eco-N-Control, solid-nitride compounds weather like a mineral, slowly releasing N at a rate determined by their composition. Testing by an industrial collaborator, however, showed that earlier versions of Eco-N-Control released at 25% of the desired rate when deployed in unsaturated soils. The overall goal of the current project, therefore, was to strengthen our IP position and the potential for licensing of Eco-N-Control solid-nitride fertilizer technology by developing new ways to manage the level of moisture in contact with the fertilizer when applied to soil thereby ensuring the desired N-release rate. We achieved this goal by developing a biodegradable polymer cross-linking approach that substantially improved performance of our patented solid-nitride fertilizer. We found that cross-linking an environmentally friendly and biodegradable polymer with a mixture of solid nitrides, other N-nutrient compounds and other additives offers several advantages: 1) mechanical robustness of fertilizer beads, 2) chemical stability during storage, 3) maintenance of sufficient water content in the vicinity of the nitride, and 4) control of N-release rates. We also updated our N-release testing protocol to more realistically simulate the conditions found in soil. Finally, we filed an invention disclosure record to protect these new aspects of Eco-N-Control technology, which offers a potential way to lower both agricultural and industrial pollution by providing an efficient N-delivery mechanism to plants.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Decoding Zeolite Crystallization and Stage III in Nuclear Waste Glasses by Coupled Modeling and Experiments

Under specific conditions of pH and temperature, nuclear waste immobilization borosilicate glasses may exhibit a sudden acceleration in their corrosion kinetics (stage III)—a behavior that has been associated with the formation of zeolite crystals. Such accelerated dissolution may compromise the integrity of nuclear wasteforms placed in geological depositories. However, thus far, none of the available models is able to predict the thermodynamic propensity and kinetics of zeolite precipitation as a function of the solution conditions due to (i) a lack of fundamental knowledge regarding the nucleation & growth mechanisms of zeolitic phases, (ii) uncertainty regarding the compositions (types) of zeolites that may form and the rate-limiting step in their precipitation as a function of the solution conditions, and (iii) the complexities that arise due to the vast parametric space (i.e., solution chemistry, temperature, number of secondary phases, etc.) that encompass these systems under conditions of environmental exposure. To resolve these challenges, this project aimed to unambiguously identify the thermodynamic propensity for zeolite precipitation and the kinetics thereof as a function of the solution conditions (composition, pH, and temperature). To achieve this goal: 1) We identified the solution conditions and zeolite phases relevant to nuclear glass dissolution. 2) We performed a series of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to compute the thermodynamic properties of a group of characteristic zeolites that features a large range of compositions, various hydration levels, a wide range of framework structures, and partial atomic site occupancies. 3) We released a first-of-a-kind self-consistent thermodynamic database that can be used to assess the kinetics and the stability fields of zeolitic phases within a Gibbs energy minimization (GEM) framework. 4) We developed a robust geochemical modeling method allowing us to predict the stability of secondary phases (including zeolites, calcium–silicate–hydrate gels, and clays) upon the dissolution of nuclear waste immobilization glasses. 5) We introduced a model that predicts the dissolution kinetics of a series of borosilicate nuclear waste immobilization glasses in terms of the topology of their atomic network. 6) We investigated the roles of the solution composition on the crystallization kinetics of phillipsite zeolites and tobermorite silicate hydrates. Via PNNL’s collaboration and engagement, this project directly supports DOE’s nuclear waste immobilization activities by offering a technical, science-based foundation that will (i) facilitate predictions of the long-term corrosion rates and extents of existing nuclear waste immobilization glasses to help ensure safe and successful vitrification operations, (ii) inform the development of advanced glass formulations with enhanced durability, and, (iii) enable cost-savings that result from making more decisive and hence less conservative predictions while offering higher levels of nuclear waste embedment in smaller, more compact glass volumes.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Thermal Runaway of Nonflammable Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes for Practical LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 |Graphite‐SiO Pouch Cells

Abstract With continuous improvement of batteries in energy density, enhancing their safety is becoming increasingly urgent. Herein, practical high energy density LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 |graphite‐SiO pouch cell with nonflammable localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE) is proposed that presents unique self‐discharge characteristic before thermal runaway (TR), thus effectively reducing safety hazards. Compared with the reference electrolyte, pouch cell with nonflammable LHCE can increase self‐generated heat temperature by 4.4 °C, increase TR triggering temperature by 47.3 °C, decrease the TR highest temperature by 71.8 °C, and extend the time from self‐generated heat to triggering TR by ≈8 h. In addition, the cell with nonflammable LHCE presents superior high voltage cycle stability, attributed to the formation of robust inorganic‐rich electrode–electrolyte interphase. The strategy represents a pivotal step forward for practical high energy and high safety batteries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cu-induced robust Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ transition on amorphous Ni hydroxide-based electrocatalysts for advancing electrochemical ammonia oxidation and hydrogen evolution

The electrochemical ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) is a promising anodic reaction for hydrogen production, offering a lower theoretical potential compared to oxygen evolution reaction. Despite this thermodynamic advantage, AOR suffers from sluggish multi-electron transfer reaction kinetics and the regeneration of catalytically active Ni 3+ species, which limits both activity and durability. In this study, amorphous NiCu bimetallic catalysts were prepared via facile precipitating metal nitrate deposition (PMND) method. The addition of Cu induces a robust Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ transition, stabilizing catalytically active Ni 3+ species and modulating the electronic structure of Ni. It alters the oxidation and desorption behavior of nitrogen-containing intermediates and facilitating their conversions to NO x species, resulting in fast active site regeneration. Furthermore, amorphous structure provides abundant dangling bonds, which enhances the intrinsic reactivity and accessibility of active sites rather than increasing the number of active sites. As a result, these effects accelerate the overall reaction kinetics. The optimized NiCu 5:1 catalyst achieved an ammonia removal efficiency of ∼100 % and a hydrogen production rate of 2.45 mmol/(h∙cm 2 ) at 1.6 V RHE .

Amorphous electrocatalyst↗
DOE OSTI2023

Synergistic double-atom catalysts of metal-boron anchored on g-C 2 N for electrochemical nitrogen reduction: Mechanistic insight and catalyst screening

The rational design of a novel catalytic center with a sound basis remains both challenging and rewarding for the electrochemical reduction of N 2 (eNRR), which has provided a feasible route for achieving clean and sustainable NH 3 production under ambient conditions. Herein, using density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that hybrid metal (M)-boron (B) double-atom catalysts (DACs) embedded in g-C 2 N substrate (M-B@C 2 N, M = 3d, 4d and 5d transition metals) can achieve both high catalytic activity and high selectivity in eNRR. The proposed M-B@C 2 N DACs have exhibited impressive feasibility and stability thanks to the resilient and robust C 2 N substrate with abundant pyridinic N atoms distributed among right-sized pore structures. Our results reveal that like the metal center, the embedded B atom can actively involve in Ntriple bondN bond activation via π*-backdonation mechanism concomitant with the substantial charge transfer to adsorbed *N 2 , leading to sizable Nsingle bondN bond elongation. Accordingly, both adsorption energy and Nsingle bondN bond length of *N 2 can be employed as catalytic descriptors for predicting eNRR activity in terms of the limiting potentials (UL). Using high-throughput screening method, we found that six M-B@C 2 N candidates have stood out as the outstanding electrocatalysts for driving eNRR, namely, M = Ti (U L = 0 V), Mo (U L = 0 V), Nb (U L = -0.04 V), W (U L = -0.23 V), Zr (U L = -0.26 V), V (U L = -0.28 V). The underlying origin is attributed to the balanced and constrained N-affinity of M-B dual site working in synergy, which can thus be used as one important guide of catalyst design.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Effects of Temperature on the Assembly of Gold Nanoparticle by Interpolymer Complexation

Using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering techniques, we demonstrate that poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) are assembled into close-packed structures that include short-range order with face-centered cubic structure, where crystalline qualities are varied by controlling the electrolyte concentration, pH, and temperature of the suspensions. Here, we show that interpolymer complexation with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is induced by lowering the pH level of the PEG-AuNPs suspensions, and furthermore, increasing the temperature of the suspension strengthens interparticle attraction, leading to improved supercrystal structures. Our results indicate that this strategy creates robust nanoparticle superlattices with high thermal stability. The effects of PAA and PEG chain lengths on the assemblies are also investigated, and their optimal conditions for creating improved superlattices are discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Graphene Quantum Dot Composites Embedded with CoZn Alloy Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions

Developing efficient and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is crucial for energy conversion technologies. In this study, core–shell graphene quantum dot (GQD) composites embedded with Co, Zn, and CoZn alloy nanoparticles were synthesized using a solid-state microwave synthesis method and systematically investigated for their electrochemical performance. The structural and compositional analyses confirm that the integration of transition metal nanoparticles enhances the electronic properties of GQDs, providing abundant active sites and facilitating charge transfer. Electrochemical characterization reveals that GQD-CoZn-3 (GQD:Co:Zn = 10.5:0.5:0.5) exhibits superior ORR and OER catalytic activities, achieving the highest current densities of 205 A g–1 and 102 A g–1 at 100 mV s–1, respectively. These performance values surpass those of pristine GQDs and single-metal (Co or Zn) embedded counterparts, emphasizing the strong synergistic effect between the CoZn alloy and the functionalized carbon framework. Impedance measurements further reveal a substantial reduction in charge-transfer resistance, while chronoamperometry tests demonstrate excellent catalytic stability and CO tolerance, highlighting the robustness of the core–shell GQD structure. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of advanced carbon-based electrocatalysts for energy applications.

Panda, Pradeep Kumar↗
DOE OSTI2025

Confinement-Driven Segregation Enables Glassy Polymer Hybrid Materials Featuring Disordered Hyperuniformity and Integrated Self-Healing

The blending of glassy copolymer-brush modified colloids with a viscoelastic linear copolymer featuring intrinsic self-healing enabled disordered hyperuniform hybrid materials that combined mechanical robustness with structural color, processability, environmental stability, and the ability to recover structure and properties after incurring physical damage via ‘integrated self-healing’. Symmetric linear n-butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (BA/MMA) were co-assembled with asymmetric glassy BA/MMA statistical copolymer brush (silica) particles. ‘Confinement-driven segregation’ resulted in a microphase-separated morphology in which the linear copolymer resided within the interstitial regions of a rigid (∼1 GPa) copolymer brush particle template with disordered hyperuniform microstructure. Diffusion of the self-healing copolymer additive into damage regions drove the recovery after damage, along with the restoration of structural color due to the materials hyperuniform microstructure. The synergistic action of intrinsic and extrinsic healing mechanisms could provide a versatile platform for the bottom-up fabrication of multifunctional hybrid materials with increased damage resistance and functional longevity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of Integration Scheme on Performance of Anisotropic Plasticity Models

Given the prevalent role of metals in a variety of industries, schemes to integrate corresponding constitutive models in finite element applications have long been studied. A number of formulations have been developed to accomplish this task; each with their own advantages and costs. Often the focus has been on ensuring the accuracy and numerical stability of these algorithms to enable robust integration. While important, emphasis on these performance metrics may often come at the cost of computational expense potentially neglecting the needs of individual problems. In the current work, the performance of two of the most common integration methods for anisotropic plasticity -- the convex cutting plane (CCP) and closest point projection (CPP) -- across a variety of metrics is assessed; including accuracy and cost. A variety of problems are considered ranging from single elements to large representative simulations including both implicit quasistatic and explicit transient dynamic type responses. The relative performance of each scheme in the different instances is presented with an eye towards guidance on when the different algorithms may be beneficial.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Role of Metal Selection in the Radiation Stability of Isostructural M-UiO-66 Metal–Organic Frameworks

Robust and versatile metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as sophisticated scaffolds to meet the critical needs of the nuclear community, but their performance depends on their underexplored structural integrities in high- radiation fields. The contributions of selected metal nodes in the radiation stability of MOFs within the isostructural M-UiO-66 series (where M = Zr, Ce, Hf, Th, and Pu; Zr-UiO-66 experiments were executed in a previous work) have been determined. Ce-, Hf-, and Th-UiO-66 MOF samples were irradiated via gamma and He-ion methodologies to obtain doses up to 3 MGy and 85 MGy, respectively, the latter strikingly higher than that obtained in most other studies. Appreciable self-irradiation constituted the total absorbed doses, up to 31 MGy of the gamma-irradiated Pu-UiO-66 samples. Structural degradation was ascertained by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray total scattering, vibrational spectroscopy, and, where possible, N 2 physisorption isotherms. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy provided atomic-level mechanistic insights to reveal that the node-linker connection was most susceptible to radiation damage. Density functional theory calculations were performed on cluster models to evaluate the binding energy of the linkers to each metal node. Here, while the isostructures disclosed the same breakdown signatures, distinct radiation sensitivity as a function of metal selection was evident and followed the trend Hf-UiO-66 ~ Zr-UiO-66 > Th-UiO-66 > Pu-UiO-66 > Ce-UiO-66. We anticipate that these endeavors will contribute to the rational design of radiation-resistant materials for targeted applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Controlling quantum many-body dynamics in driven Rydberg atom arrays

Dynamic stabilization of an array Large-scale systems comprising one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional arrays of excited atoms held in a programmable optical lattice are a powerful platform with which to simulate emergent phenomena. Bluvstein et al. built an array of up to 200 Rydberg atoms and subjected the system to periodic excitation. Under such driven excitation, they found that the array of atoms stabilized, freezing periodically into what looked like time crystals. Understanding and controlling the dynamic interactions in quantum many-body systems lies at the heart of contemporary condensed matter physics and the exotic phenomena that can occur. Science , this issue p. 1355

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

IPL-Annealed Mixed-Cation Perovskites with Robust Coating Window toward Scalable Manufacturing of Commercial Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising alternative solar technology, but the technical challenges of (1) stability/durability, (2) efficiency at scale, and (3) manufacturability must be overcome to achieve widespread PSC commercialization. The challenge of balancing solution ink formulation and scalable manufacturing is often overlooked in the literature, where focus is on adopting inks from processes that will not scale. In this study, we apply a classical roll-to-roll manufacturing perspective, utilizing both compositional engineering and intense pulsed light (IPL) annealing, to develop a mixed-cation perovskite ink with a robust coating window that simultaneously solve issues of stability and manufacturability for PSCs. Our method resulted in blade-coated, flexible, mixed-cation PSCs on ITO-PET substrates with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) efficiency of 16.7% using IPL annealing of the absorber layer and, to our knowledge, is one of the fastest processing methods for the perovskite layer. This overall reduction in processing time with a stable ink represents an advance toward the scaled production of perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates.

flexible perovskite solar cells↗