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DOE OSTI2016

Behavioral Health/Employee Assistance Program (EAP) Report FY 15

The Sandia National Laboratories’ (SNL) Corporate Behavioral Health Program is a workplace based program that 1) assists in the early identification and resolution of personal concerns which may impact job performance, 2) assists managers and the organization in addressing productivity issues, and 3) supports the SNL commitment to provide a safe and healthful work environment. The program is offered to approximately 10,711 employees in New Mexico. The Behavioral Health Program is a corporate program combining services in NM and CA. It is integrated with other occupational health and clinical services including disability, disease management and preventive health programs. In addition, Sandia’s Behavioral Health Program interfaces with external organizations in Human Resources, the Department of Energy and Security through the Clinical Evaluation (CE) Human Reliability Program (HRP) and Workplace Violence programs. The program supports Sandia National Laboratories’ mission to safeguard national security, the environment, the public and is a proactive approach to early identification, intervention and assessment. Last, it reduces barriers to accessing mental health services and assists with reducing health care costs attributed to illness or injuries related to unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors. The EAP team is comprised of a professional staff including a licensed Clinical Psychologist who has a NM state license for psychotropic medication prescriptive authority, is board certified in Clinical Neuropsychology, and a Certified Employee Assistance Professional (CEAP), a licensed professional clinical counselor NM State Licensed (LPCC) and a licensed Marriage and Family counselor (MFT) who is also a Certified Employee Assistance Professional and who holds a doctorate in counseling psychology.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2021

An Assessment of Evaluation Practices of Low- And Moderate-Income Solar Programs

As concerns about social equity and clean energy rise, state and local governments, utilities, and non-profit organizations are offering at least 41 active programs in 21 states to promote solar adoption as a way to reduce energy bills for low- and moderate-income (LMI) households while meeting other policy goals such as job creation and clean energy generation. A new study from Berkeley Lab looks at how those programs are being evaluated. The report provides background on how they seek to address LMI household energy burdens and gives a brief discussion of the art and science of program evaluation, drawn from decades of experience in energy efficiency programs. It then turns to how LMI solar programs are currently being evaluated, highlighting trends among evaluation methods, metrics tracked, and best practices employed. A few programs are explored in more depth to illustrate notable practices that could be applied to other program evaluations. These LMI solar programs are mostly young, operate on tight budgets, and vary considerably in their design and stated goals. Consequently, well-designed program evaluation is critical to better understand what works, what could be improved, and how to maximize program impacts under budget constraints.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program: FY 2023 Completed Projects Report

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) largest multiprogram science, technology, and energy laboratory. It possesses distinctive capabilities in a variety of fields, such as neutron science, computing, advanced materials, and nuclear science and technology. Using these capabilities, ORNL conducts basic and applied research and development (R&D) to support DOE’s overarching mission “to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions.” As a national resource, ORNL also applies its capabilities and skills to the specific needs of other federal agencies and customers through the DOE Strategic Partnership Projects (SPP) Program. Information about the laboratory and its programs is available on the ORNL website. The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at ORNL operates under the authority of the DOE Order 413.2C, Laboratory Directed Research and Development, which establishes DOE’s requirements for the program while providing the laboratory director broad flexibility for program implementation. The LDRD Program funds are obtained through a charge to all laboratory programs. Although it represents a relatively small portion of the overall research budget, the LDRD Program plays an essential role in maintaining the laboratory’s ability to respond to national needs. The program allows ORNL to improve its distinctive capabilities and to enhance its ability to conduct cutting-edge R&D. This report provides an overview of the LDRD Program at ORNL in FY 2023 and contains summaries of all the LDRD research projects that concluded between October 1, 2022, and September 30, 2023.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2023

S4PST: Sustainability for Programming Systems and Tools: May Workshop Report

The US Department of Energy (DOE) Exascale Computing Project (ECP) has fostered and strengthened the use of modern software engineering practices for developing applications and libraries, and this effort has resulted in the coordinated and interoperable E4S1 and xSDK2 ecosystems. Although this approach is cost-effective, it relies on robust programming systems and tools (PST) as the underlying foundation for our HPC software. At present, our primary PST stack consists of traditional high-performance computing (HPC) languages, namely Fortran, C, C++, and the popular Python language for data analysis and AI workflows. These languages support various programming frameworks and run-time abstractions that enable parallelism and concurrency across multiple node architectures and thousands of nodes through a variety of interconnect systems. However, to accommodate users’ diverse needs, certain aspects of the HPC ecosystem are delegated to vendor-specific or third-party implementations that extend beyond a particular scientific domain. This broader scope results in a multitude of specifications and variations, which leads to a complex orchestration of many-ecosystems. Unfortunately, this complexity in the ecosystem imposes additional overhead costs on consumers during the latter stages of the development cycle. In addition to the software ecosystem challenge, the upcoming conclusion of the ECP by December 2023 has raised significant concerns within the HPC programming systems community, from both the economic and social perspectives. The ECP has implemented a management structure for software development and funding decisions across all ECP participants by following a conventional hierarchical and centralized approach. However, this structure has prompted certain considerations within the community, particularly in anticipation of the Software Sustainability initiative by the DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program (ASCR). For the success of this new initiative, it is of utmost importance to secure consistent funding and foster close engagement with researchers and core developers of existing programming-system products. This collaboration is vital to maintaining the critical capabilities of the current software during the transition phase while proactively adapting to future technology and workforce trends. The community recognizes the significance of adapting to emerging trends and is aware of the inherent fragility of the HPC software ecosystem, particularly in relation to programming systems that cater to all users. The ability to adapt and evolve is essential to staying relevant and effectively addressing these technical, economic, and social challenges. The S4PST team, which represents one of the six ASCR Software Sustainability seedling projects, is dedicated to tackling these challenges through community-based approaches that go beyond the scope of the DOE. This involves collaboration between national laboratories with academia, non-DOE institutions, hardware and system vendors, and international partners. By fostering these partnerships, we aim to create a robust and sustainable HPC software ecosystem that can effectively meet the needs of the community. This new community effort, driven by the eight DOE labs, will take on the responsibility of guiding funding decisions for programming-systems development and maintenance with transparency and consistency across all decisions. Additionally, the team will offer common technical services to the programming systems community, irrespective of their funding situations, and facilitate community-wide incubation to proactively nurture the software ecosystem. By actively engaging with stakeholders and employing a collaborative approach, we can collectively shape the future of programming systems and ensure a robust and thriving HPC software landscape. On May 11–12, 2023, the S4PST team conducted its inaugural kick-off workshop at the Innovative Computing Laboratory (ICL) in the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, hosted by Hartwig Anzt. The workshop encompassed various sessions dedicated to presentations and discussions, with the aim of comprehending the team members’ perspectives on the vision of software sustainability. Additionally, the workshop aimed to identify the technical, economic, and social requirements for sustaining the programming-systems community in the field of HPC. This report provides a summary of the S4PST effort by highlighting five major thrust areas discussed during the workshop: (i) community, (ii) technical support, (iii) training and diversity, (iv) verification, validation and correctness, and (v) emerging technologies. It also encompasses an overview of the presentations and discussions held throughout the event, our views and potential synergies with other seedling efforts, along with the outcomes and key takeaways from our initial discussions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Final Technical Report for U.S.-Japan Hadronic Physics Exchange Program for Studies of Hadron Structure and QCD

Nuclear physics explores the fundamental properties of matter -- how protons and neutrons emerge as quantum systems of elementary particles, how they form the atomic nuclei, and how they give rise to the wide variety of phenomena and applications at biological, technical, and astronomical scales. It is a global scientific effort centered around large-scale experimental user facilities (particle accelerators and detectors), advanced theoretical methods and concepts, and computational techniques and resources. Exchange of knowledge and ideas, scientific collaboration, and workforce development on a global scale are essential for the future of the field. The nuclear physics program envisaged in the 2023 DOE/NSF NSAC Long-Range Plan and pursued at the U.S. National Labs has strong synergies with programs at other facilities worldwide and will realize significant benefits from international collaboration. Nuclear physics is also recognized for promoting international cooperation in the broadest sense through joint construction and operation of experimental equipment, personal contacts between scientists, and education and training. The U.S.-Japan Hadronic Physics Exchange Program (USJPHE) supported collaborative scientific research in hadronic physics and quantum chromodynamics. USJHPE focused on subject areas related to the programs at current and future experimental facilities in the U.S.\ and Japan and supported both experimental and theoretical studies. USJHPE particularly aimed to realize synergies between the hadronic physics programs at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV and J-PARC resulting from the complementarity of electromagnetic and hadronic probes in the multi-GeV energy range. Subject areas of common interest included the quark-gluon structure of hadrons and nuclei, meson and baryon spectroscopy, strangeness and hypernuclear physics, and other related topics. USJHPE also supported research in hadronic physics and nuclear-physics-enabled tests of fundamental symmetries related to the programs at Brookhaven National Lab, Fermilab, KEK, Spring-8, and university-based facilities in the U.S. and Japan. USJHPE especially promoted collaboration between the U.S. and Japanese nuclear physics communities in developing the physics program and instrumentation for the future Electron-Ion Collider. USJHPE was intended to provide travel grants to U.S.-based scientists (primary institutional affiliation with a U.S.\ university, national laboratory, or other research center) to visit Japanese institutions and conduct collaborative research there. The program supported senior researchers, postdoctoral fellows, and students. Continuing the setup of the preceding grant period, J-PARC served as the Japanese “hub” for U.S. physicists for short- and long-term visits, and JLab served as the corresponding U.S. “hub”. The program was officially managed through the U. of Connecticut in Storrs, CT. Support for Japanese physicists visiting the U.S. was provided through funds from Japanese funding agencies. The USJHPE program promoted the scientific exchange and the collaborative spirit in hadronic physics between the two countries.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Determining the vulnerability of multi-threaded program code to soft errors

The described embodiments include a program code testing system that determines the vulnerability of multi-threaded program code to soft errors. For multi-threaded program code, two to more threads from the program code may access shared architectural structures while the program code is being executed. The program code testing system determines accesses of architectural structures made by the two or more threads of the multi-threaded program code and uses the determined accesses to determine a time for which the program code is exposed to soft errors. From this time, the program code testing system determines a vulnerability of the program code to soft errors.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Y-12 Nuclear Criticality Safety Program Health Model: Development, Use and Benefits

The Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12) operates seven diverse enriched uranium processing facilities and maintains a comprehensive nuclear criticality safety (NCS) program. Given the magnitude of the hazard, the NCS program receives significant oversight. Describing the scope and health of the Y-12 NCS program to sometimes non-expert stakeholders with limited time had historically focused on recent events and “hot topics” which did not always convey sufficient context (i.e., how to differentiate between an individual performance issue and a systemic concern). Y-12 created the NCS Program Health (NCSPH) Model to provide a complete and holistic framework to quantify and communicate NCS program health. The model is constructed in a tiered fashion with the top tier broken into three (3) Tier 2 elements, fourteen (14) Tier 3 elements, and 104 Tier 4 and 5 elements. This granularity ensures every feature of the NCS Program is accounted for and stakeholders can see how these features support the collective whole. The model is used as the framework for NCS communications including program plans, reports, health surveys, and meeting agendas. The model has substantially improved stakeholder appreciation for the entirety of the NCS program and how events and assessment results factor into an overarching conclusion on NCS program health. While some details are Y-12 specific, the NCSPH model can easily be tailored for any other site with an NCS program.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2022

Customer outcomes in Pay-As-You-Save programs

We review the energy and financial outcomes of households participating in several programs based on successive versions of the Pay As You Save¯ (PAYS¯) system. PAYS¯ programs offer non-debt financing for energy efficiency (and sometimes other technologies) in residential buildings through a tariff attached to the home’s utility meter, designed to be offset by project savings. We find that the five programs we study generally serve customers living in zip codes with levels of income and education below the national average and unemployment rates above the national average, demonstrating their potential to improve equity in energy efficiency adoption. Using weather-normalized analysis of energy consumption data, we show that most customers of Midwest Energy’s program reduce annual electricity and gas consumption, averaging 15% and 26% reductions respectively. Changes in energy consumption calculated using this method represent a combination of project effects and changes in occupant behavior. These results are similar to existing analyses of PAYS¯ programs in North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. About half of participating Midwest households generate sufficient energy cost savings to cover their monthly tariff. Various factors, including changes in occupant behavior, program error, causes independent of the customer or program, or some combination thereof may explain lower-than-expected cost reductions in some projects. Given the inherent variability in annual household electricity consumption, we feel these programs are enabling energy efficiency improvements and their attendant co-benefits, including occupant health and comfort and reduced carbon emissions, while reasonably balancing energy savings and tariff costs. Pairing PAYS¯ with additional financial assistance, as well as promoting cost-effective measures such as air and duct sealing, could further broaden program participation by enabling additional projects to meet PAYS¯ program eligibility rules.

Deason, Jeff↗

DOE OSTI2015

Integrative Curriculum Development in Nuclear Education and Research Vertical Enhancement Program

Using a vertical education enhancement model, a Nuclear Education and Research Vertical Enhancement (NERVE) program was developed. The NERVE program is aimed at developing nuclear engineering education and research to 1) enhance skilled workforce development in disciplines relevant to nuclear power, national security and medical physics, and 2) increase the number of students and faculty from underrepresented groups (women and minorities) in fields related to the nuclear industry. The program uses multi-track training activities that vertically cut across the several education domains: undergraduate degree programs, graduate schools, and post-doctoral training. In this paper, we present the results of an integrative curriculum development in the NERVE program. The curriculum development began with nuclear content infusion into existing science, engineering and technology courses. The second step involved the development of nuclear engineering courses: 1) Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 2) Nuclear Engineering I, and 2) Nuclear Engineering II. The third step is the establishment of nuclear engineering concentrations in two engineering degree programs: 1) electrical engineering, and 2) mechanical engineering. A major outcome of the NERVE program is a collaborative infrastructure that uses laboratory work, internships at nuclear facilities, on-campus research, and mentoring in collaboration with industry and government partners to provide hands-on training for students. The major activities of the research and education collaborations include: - One-week spring training workshop at Brookhaven National Laboratory: The one-week training and workshop is used to enhance research collaborations and train faculty and students on user facilities/equipment at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and for summer research internships. Participants included students, faculty members at Alabama A and M University and research collaborators at BNL. The activities include 1) tour and introduction to user facilities/equipment at BNL that are used for research in room-temperature semiconductor nuclear detectors, 2) presentations on advances on this project and on wide band-gap semiconductor nuclear detectors in general, and 3) graduate students' research presentations. - Invited speakers and lectures: This brings collaborating research scientist from BNL to give talks and lectures on topics directly related to the project. Attendance includes faculty members, researchers and students throughout the university. - Faculty-students team summer research at BNL: This DOE and National Science Foundation (NSF) program help train students and faculty members in research. Faculty members go on to establish research collaborations with scientists at BNL, develop and submit research proposals to funding agencies, transform research experience at BNL to establish and enhance reach capabilities at home institution, and integrate their research into teaching through class projects and hands-on training for students. The students go on to participate in research work at BNL and at home institution, co-author research papers for conferences and technical journals, and transform their experiences into developing senior and capstone projects. - Grant proposal development: Faculty members in the NERVE program collaborate with BNL scientists to develop proposals, which often help to get external funding needed to expand and sustain the continuity of research activities and supports for student's wages and scholarships (stipends, tuition and fees). - Faculty development and mentoring: The above collaboration activities help faculty professional development. The experiences, grants, joint publications in technical journals, and supervision of student's research, including thesis and dissertation research projects, contribute greatly to faculty development. Senior scientists at BNL and senior faculty members on campus jointly mentor junior faculty members to enhance their professional growth. - Graduate thesis and dissertation research: Brookhaven National Laboratory provides unique opportunities and outstanding research resources for the NERVE program graduate research. Scientists from BNL serve in master's degree thesis and PhD dissertation committees, where they play active roles in the supervision of the research. (authors)

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2016

PolyCheck: Dynamic Verification of Iteration Space Transformations on Affine Programs

High-level compiler transformations, especially loop transformations, are widely recognized as critical optimizations to restructure programs to improve data locality and expose parallelism. Guaranteeing the correctness of program transformations is essential, and to date three main approaches have been developed: proof of equivalence of affine programs, matching the execution traces of programs, and checking bit-by-bit equivalence of the outputs of the programs. Each technique suffers from limitations in either the kind of transformations supported, space complexity, or the sensitivity to the testing dataset. In this paper, we take a novel approach addressing all three limitations to provide an automatic bug checker to verify any iteration reordering transformations on affine programs, including non-affine transformations, with space consumption proportional to the original program data, and robust to arbitrary datasets of a given size. We achieve this by exploiting the structure of affine program control- and data-flow to generate at compile-time lightweight checker code to be executed within the transformed program. Experimental results assess the correctness and effectiveness of our method, and its increased coverage over previous approaches.

affine programs↗

DOE OSTI2018

Glovebox Handling of High-Consequence Materials with Super Baxter and Gesture-Based Programming - 18598

The handling of high-consequence materials is a difficult task requiring safe object manipulation while avoiding the risk of contamination or spillage. Specific operations including opening containers, segregating the wastes, and repackaging are required to be safely executed inside contained spaces such as gloveboxes. However, the workers' ability and dexterity to manipulate objects through thick protective gloves are compromised in many aspects. The fixed position of the glovebox arm ports restricts the movements of the workers' arms, which also makes it hard to lift heavy objects. Further, the operational workspace inside the glovebox is restricted by the gloves' reachability. Safety of workers is the paramount concern in glovebox operations and the very reason for their existence. Sharp edges and tools increases the risk of glove punctures, which may expose the operator to chemicals and radiation and risks contamination in the vicinity outside the glovebox. The operators are also affected by ergonomic stressors due to prolonged and repetitive operations. To achieve a high degree of human safety, robotic solutions to handle high-consequence materials inside the glovebox are desirable, as they remove the operators from the hazards listed above. However, robots, in general, lack the degree of adaptability necessary for most high-consequence material handling tasks as these tasks are often unstructured or highly variable. Likewise, most human operators, while highly skilled in the tasks at hand (task expertise), lack the robot programming skills necessary to adapt the robot's motions to the variations (programming expertise). A way to bridge this divide is to make robot programming more intuitive to human operators. Since humans naturally teach one another through demonstration and learning, robotic 'programming by demonstration' paradigms have begun to appear to reduce the burden of robot reprogramming. Gesture-Based Programming attempts to achieve that by enabling a robot to observe the normal actions and affordances of a human performing a task to learn to map those onto the skills of the robot. In the end, this approach permits benefits from both the human and the robot: the human's adaptive decision making and the robot's resilience to high-consequence material. Robotic solutions assuringly provide protection for the operators, however their autonomy brings about other potential risks. Artificial Intelligence is not perfect; it is a black box, which can produce results, but the full extent of those results may not be known precisely. In self-driving cars, a hypothetical AI problem is the 'green man detector'. Since self-driving cars have presumably never seen a green man, how can we know it won't veer toward him the first time it sees a green man? Likewise, even though GbP provides an open method for safe task execution replicating a human, incorrect task inferences can lead to potential collisions or unintended operations. Thus, a hardware safety measure is proposed to provide reliable operation inside the glovebox, and true safe operations are achieved by mechanically limiting the operational range of each arm link. The operational range is computed and validated through exhaustive offline simulations, which can be streamlined by affordable computing power. Super Baxter is one such robot which incorporates these capabilities. It is a human-like, bimanual robot, being developed at the Collaborative Robotics Lab (CRL) in conjunction with the Dept. of Energy/Environmental Management, Rethink Robotics, Barrett Technology, and the NSF Center for Robots and Sensors for the Human Well-Being (RoSe-HUB). Super Baxter is envisioned to represent the next generation of collaborative robots that will be intrinsically human-safe, as well as exceptionally human-intuitive. In summary, Super Baxter will enable safe glovebox operations through low-shot Gesture based Programming incorporated with hardware safety measures. Two aspects of safety will be discussed in the paper. First, the safety of the operator achieved by allowing him to program Super Baxter remotely through Gesture based Programming. Second, the safety of the glovebox, achieved by incorporating hardware safety measures using joint limits. Further, the capability of Super Baxter on Gesture based Programming is demonstrated through typical object manipulation tasks in glovebox operations. (authors)

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2017

Advice for emerging researchers on research program development: A personal case study

Yearly, hundreds of new scientists and engineers start their independent research programs at universities, government laboratories or other institutions. Every individual embarks on this pathway with some idea about what research directions they wish to undertake, but often, with little insight into how their research career may evolve over time. Additionally, there are relatively few descriptions of how the research programs of other scientists and engineers have developed over time. In most cases where such overviews are available, they are written towards the end of a researcher's career, at a point far from the early development of the program. In this work, I provide my personal thoughts and observations on the development and evolution of the first 16 years of my research program as a case study. This overview does not intend to suggest this particular case as an exemplar, but rather, provides a single example of how one program evolved. In the course of the description, I try to identify general observations and suggestions that might aid a new researcher in the chemical sciences or engineering in the development of their research program. Specifically, the focus is on a program where the newly independent investigator has significant autonomy to select research topics of her/his choice (e.g., many universities, some government or corporate labs), although it is recognized that in many organizations, a researcher must fit into and adapt to the specific needs of the host institution. A particular aspect of my research program is that it blends research on (1) materials chemistry, (2) catalysis and reaction engineering, and (3) separations. As such, I will draw from specific examples of my own work in these fields as part of the discussion. However, the reader should note that this perspective is not a traditional overview of the full breadth of the title research topic, although my group has written such reviews and perspectives on a variety of the subjects covered here.1-6 Instead, here I discuss how my program evolved in stages, including (1) the search for a position, (2) launching your laboratory, (3) development of research themes and finishing with (4) a summary of advice for researchers starting their independent laboratories.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

STARlight: A Monte Carlo simulation program for ultra-peripheral collisions of relativistic ions

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Ultra-peripheral collisions (UPCs) have been a significant source of study at RHIC and the LHC. In these collisions, the two colliding nuclei interact electromagnetically, via two-photon or photonuclear interactions, but not hadronically; they effectively miss each other. Photonuclear interactions produce vector meson states or more general photonuclear final states, while two-photon interactions can produce lepton or meson pairs, or single mesons. In these interactions, the collision geometry plays a major role. We present a program, STARlight, that calculates the cross-sections for a variety of UPC final states and also creates, via Monte Carlo simulation, events for use in determining detector efficiency. Program summary Program Title: STARlight (v2.2) Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/xjpf4rxtbj.1 Licensing provisions: GNU GPLv3 Programming Language: C++ External Routines: PYTHIA 8.2 and DPMJET 3.0 are needed for some final states. Nature of problem: The cross-section for ultra-peripheral collisions is obtained by integrating the photon fluxes in transverse impact parameter space, subject to the requirement (which is also impact parameter dependent) that the colliding nuclei do not interact hadronically. The program is a two step process. First, it calculates the cross-sections for the reaction of interest, as a function of W (photon–Pomeron or two-photon center of mass energy), Y (final state rapidity) and pT (final state transverse momentum). Second, STARlight generates Monte Carlo events which can be used to determine cross-sections within specific kinematic constraints or for studies of detector efficiencies. The second step includes the decay of any unstable particles produced in the reaction, with appropriate consideration of particle spins and parity. It outputs these events in ASCII format. Solution method: The program generates a two dimensional look-up table of the production cross-section as a function of final state rapidity and mass. The dimensions of the table are selectable, allowing the user to choose the desired accuracy. For certain final states, a second two-dimensional look-up table, giving the transverse momentum distribution, as a function of rapidity, is also used. With these look-up tables, the program generates final states. Particle decays and the final angular distributions are calculated for each event. Restrictions: The program is focused on ultra-relativistic collisions at Brookhaven's RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) and CERN's LHC (Large Hadron Collider), with final states that are visible in a central detector. At lower energies (i.e., at the CERN SPS), caution should be exercised because STARlight does not account for the longitudinal momentum transfer to the nucleus; this is larger at low beam energies. References: http://starlight.hepforge.org and references in this article.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2016

Identification of Program Signatures from Cloud Computing System Telemetry Data

Malicious cloud computing activity can take many forms, including running unauthorized programs in a virtual environment. Detection of these malicious activities while preserving the privacy of the user is an important research challenge. Prior work has shown the potential viability of using cloud service billing metrics as a mechanism for proxy identification of malicious programs. Previously this novel detection method has been evaluated in a synthetic and isolated computational environment. In this paper we demonstrate the ability of billing metrics to identify programs, in an active cloud computing environment, including multiple virtual machines running on the same hypervisor. The open source cloud computing platform OpenStack, is used for private cloud management at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. OpenStack provides a billing tool (Ceilometer) to collect system telemetry measurements. We identify four different programs running on four virtual machines under the same cloud user account. Programs were identified with up to 95% accuracy. This accuracy is dependent on the distinctiveness of telemetry measurements for the specific programs we tested. Future work will examine the scalability of this approach for a larger selection of programs to better understand the uniqueness needed to identify a program. Additionally, future work should address the separation of signatures when multiple programs are running on the same virtual machine.

Nichols, Nicole M.↗

DOE OSTI2015

Building a Bright Future. The Hydro Research Foundation's Fellowship Program

The Hydro Fellowship Program (program) began as an experiment to discover whether the hydropower industry could find mechanisms to attract new entrants through conducting relevant research to benefit the industry. This nationwide, new-to-the-world program was started through funding from the Wind and Water Power Technologies Office of the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Office of the Department of Energy (DOE). Between 2010-2015, the Hydro Research Foundation (HRF) designed and implemented a program to conduct valuable research and attract new entrants to the hydro workforce. This historic grant has empowered and engaged industry members from 25 organizations by working with 91 students and advisors at 24 universities in 19 states. The work funded answered pressing research needs in the fields of civil, mechanical, environmental, and electrical engineering, as well as law, energy engineering and materials innovation. In terms of number of individuals touched through funding, 148 individuals were supported by this work through direct research, mentorship, oversight of the work, partnerships and the day-to-day program administration. Based on the program results, it is clear that the funding achieved the hoped-for outcomes and has the capacity to draw universities into the orbit of hydropower and continue the conversation about industry research and development needs. The Foundation has fostered unique partnerships at the host universities and has continued to thrive with the support of the universities, advisors, industry and the DOE. The Foundation has demonstrated industry support through mentorships, partnerships, underwriting the costs and articulating the universities’ support through in-kind cost sharing. The Foundation recommends that future work be continued to nurture these graduate level programs using the initial work and improvements in the successor program, the Research Awards Program, while stimulating engagement of academia at the community college level for operations and maintenance workforce development.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2016

Programming Models in HPC

These are the slides for a presentation on programming models in HPC, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Parallel Computing Summer School. The following topics are covered: Flynn's Taxonomy of computer architectures; single instruction single data; single instruction multiple data; multiple instruction multiple data; address space organization; definition of Trinity (Intel Xeon-Phi is a MIMD architecture); single program multiple data; multiple program multiple data; ExMatEx workflow overview; definition of a programming model, programming languages, runtime systems; programming model and environments; MPI (Message Passing Interface); OpenMP; Kokkos (Performance Portable Thread-Parallel Programming Model); Kokkos abstractions, patterns, policies, and spaces; RAJA, a systematic approach to node-level portability and tuning; overview of the Legion Programming Model; mapping tasks and data to hardware resources; interoperability: supporting task-level models; Legion S3D execution and performance details; workflow, integration of external resources into the programming model.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Department of Energy: Nuclear S&T workforce development programs

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories use their expertise in nuclear science and technology (S&T) to support a robust national nuclear S&T enterprise from the ground up. Traditional academic programs do not provide all the elements necessary to develop this expertise, so the DOE has initiated a number of supplemental programs to develop and support the nuclear S&T workforce pipeline. This document catalogs existing workforce development programs that are supported by a number of DOE offices (such as the Offices of Nuclear Energy, Science, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Management), and by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and the Naval Reactor Program. Workforce development programs in nuclear S&T administered through the Department of Homeland Security, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Department of Defense are also included. The information about these programs, which is cataloged below, is drawn from the program websites. Some programs, such as the Minority Serving Institutes Partnership Programs (MSIPPs) are available through more than one DOE office, so they appear in more than one section of this document.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Program Administration

This document is the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) Final Report for the Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Research and Development Program (Program) established pursuant to Title IX, Subtitle J, Section 999 (Section 999), of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct). RPSEA administered three of the four program elements identified in EPAct, pursuant to Annual Plans, which included: ultra-deepwater architecture and technology, unconventional natural gas and other petroleum resources exploration and production technology, and technology challenges of small producers. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through its National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), implemented a non-duplicative research and development (R&D) program to complement the RPSEA administered program elements. This Final Report covers the period from 2007, when research began, through 2016, when the program ended, and builds a foundation for work that can be conducted in the future. This Final Report briefly describes each of the program elements and includes descriptions of specific projects that illustrate successful technology development efforts funded through the program. It also includes a summary of technology transfer efforts, which have reached a worldwide audience, resulting in accelerated and highly successful implementations of newly developed technologies. RPSEA members provided hundreds of subject matter experts who contributed thousands of hours in directing this program, as is evident by results described in this report; documenting a most successful public private partnership.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗