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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Experimental shock lithification of water-bearing rock powders

The geology and morphology of the terrestrial planets and their moons have been profoundly affected by impact cratering. Some of these bodies contain substantial quantities of water or ice in their regoliths. It is pointed out that the effects of impacts into water-bearing target rocks are not well understood, and may be significantly different from those produced by identical impacts on a desiccated surface. The present investigation has the objective to determine the effects of water on targets of powdered rock and to seek evidence of impact-induced hydration or clay formation. Samples of andesitic basalt were crushed and sieved, and experiments were conducted on the material smaller than 150 micrometers. These experiments show that the water content of a powdered rock target can strongly affect its physical condition following an impact. A relatively small component (5-15 wt %) of water or ice in planetary surface material could inhibit or prevent lithification throughout much of the shocked volume at an impact site.

Allen, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Effect of reduced cobalt contents on hot isostatically pressed powder metallurgy U-700 alloys

The effect of reducing the cobalt content of prealloyed powders of UDIMET 700 (U-700) alloys to 12.7, 8.6, 4.3, and 0% was examined. The powders were hot isostatically pressed into billets, which were given heat treatments appropriate for turbine disks, namely partial solutioning at temperatures below the gamma prime solvus and four step aging treatments. Chemical analyses, metallographic examinations, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on the materials. Minor effects on gamma prime content and on room temperature and 650 C tensile properties were observed. Creep rupture lives at 650 C reached a maximum at the 8.4% concentration, while at 760 C a maximum in life was reached at the 4.3% cobalt level. Minimum creep rates increased with decreasing cobalt content at both test temperatures. Extended exposures at 760 and 815 C resulted in decreased tensile strengths and rupture lives for all alloys. Evidence of sigma phase formation was also found.

Harf, F. H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Advanced powder metallurgy aluminum alloys and composites

The differences between powder and ingot metallurgy processing of aluminum alloys are outlined. The potential payoff in the use of advanced powder metallurgy (PM) aluminum alloys in future transport aircraft is indicated. The national program to bring this technology to commercial fruition and the NASA Langley Research Center role in this program are briefly outlined. Some initial results of research in 2000-series PM alloys and composites that highlight the property improvements possible are given.

W. B. Lisagor↗
NASA NTRS1983

Method for producing a compressed body of mix-powder for ceramic

Under the invented method, a compressed body of mix powder for ceramic is produced by mixing and stirring several raw powder materials with mixing liquid such as water, and, in the process of sending the resulted viscous material pressurized at 5 kg/cm to 7 kg/cm, using 1.5 to 2 times the pressure to filter and dehydrate, adjusting the water content to 10 to 20%.

Okawa, K.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ceramic fabrication process before firing-surface treatment of ceramic powder

The surface treatment of powders is discussed. Stability of ceramic powders and surfaces and the improvement of moldability are addressed. Characteristics of surface treatment technology are given, including formation of inorganic surface-treated layers, liquid phase reactions, gas treatment, surface treatment by coupling agents, and the formation of results of surface treatment.

Tsunoda, T.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Slip casting and nitridation of silicon powder

Powdered Silicon was slip-cast with a CaSO4 x 0.5H2O mold and nitrided in a N atm. containing 0 or 5 vol. % H at 1000 to 1420 deg. To remove the castings, the modeling faces were coated successively with an aq. salt soap and powdered cellulose containing Na alginate, and thus prevented the sticking problem.

Seiko, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ammonia formation caused by the presence of water in the wet grinding of silicon nitride powder

Si3 N4 powder (amorphous, alpha-, and beta-Si3 N4) was mixed with MeOH containing 8.87 mol. % H2O and ground. The NH3 generation rapidly increased after a grinding time of 100 hours. Silicon nitride sintered material was chosen as one of the high temperature, high strength structural materials and studies of the control of the raw material powder, preparation of the sintered body (finding the right assistant, hot press, high pressure sintering, fracture toughness and oxidation at high temperature were performed.

Kanno, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Powder metallurgy bearings for advanced rocket engines

Traditional ingot metallurgy was pushed to the limit for many demanding applications including antifriction bearings. New systems require corrosion resistance, better fatigue resistance, and higher toughness. With conventional processing, increasing the alloying level to achieve corrosion resistance results in a decrease in other properties such as toughness. Advanced powder metallurgy affords a viable solution to this problem. During powder manufacture, the individual particle solidifies very rapidly; as a consequence, the primary carbides are very small and uniformly distributed. When properly consolidated, this uniform structure is preserved while generating a fully dense product. Element tests including rolling contact fatigue, hot hardness, wear, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance are underway on eleven candidate P/M bearing alloys and results are compared with those for wrought 440C steel, the current SSME bearing material. Several materials which offer the promise of a significant improvement in performance were identified.

Fleck, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Method for measuring surface activity of silicon nitride powder

Amorphous, alpha-, and beta-Si3N4 powders were activated by vibration ball milling in purified MeOH, and the surface activity of ground powders was determined by the temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method using NH3 gas. The concentration of active sites with a potential energy equivalent to the peak temperature in the spectrum increased was markedly by ball milling the amorphous Si3N4. The alpha- and beta-Si3N4 also had active sites produced by ball milling. The concentration of active site increased with increased ball milling time. A method for measuring surface activity of ceramic raw materials by TPD is proposed.

Kanno, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Demonstration of a silicon nitride attrition mill for production of fine pure Si and Si3N4 powders

To avoid metallic impurities normally introduced by milling ceramic powders in conventional steel hardware, an attrition mill (high-energy stirred ball mill) was constructed with the wearing parts (mill body, stirring arms, and media) made from silicon nitride. Commercial silicon and Si3N4 powders were milled to fine uniform particles with only minimal contamination - primarily from wear of the sintered Si3N4 media.

Herbell, T. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Ultrasonic characterization of microstructure in powder metal alloy

The ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics were measured for IN-100, a powder metallurgy alloy used for aircraft engine components. This material was as a model system for testing the feasibility of characterizing the microstructure of a variety of inhomogeneous media including powder metals, ceramics, castings and components. The data were obtained for a frequency range from about 2 to 20 MHz and were statistically averaged over numerous volume elements of the samples. Micrographical examination provided size and number distributions for grain and pore structure. The results showed that the predominant source for the ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter was a dense (approx. 100/cubic mm) distribution of small micropores (approx. 10 micron radius). Two samples with different micropore densities were studied in detail to test the feasibility of calculating from observed microstructural parameters the frequency dependence of the microstructural backscatter in the regime for which the wavelength is much larger than the size of the individual scattering centers. Excellent agreement was found between predicted and observed values so as to demonstrate the feasibility of solving the forward problem. The results suggest a way towards the nondestructive detection and characterization of anomalous distributions of micropores when conventional ultrasonic imaging is difficult. The findings are potentially significant toward the application of the early detection of porosity during the materials fabrication process and after manufacturing of potential sites for stress induced void coalescence leading to crack initiation and subsequent failure.

Tittmann, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Synthesis of ceramic powders and surface films from laser heated gases

Two new processes have been developed that are based on laser-heated gases. Both permit unusually precise levels of process control and, thereby, materials having superior properties. The power process yields Si, Si3N4 and SiC powders that are uniform in size, nonagglomerated, small diameter, spherically shaped and high purity. Manufacturing cost analyses show that submicron powders can be made with an energy cost of approximately 2 kWhr/kg and a dollar cost of 2-3.30 $/kg, exclusive of the costs of feed materials. The laser-induced chemical vapor deposition process (LICVD) causes reactant gases to be heated by absorbing IR light from a laser beam that passes parallel to the substrate surface. Laser heating permits independent control of gas and substrate temperatures while operating in a conventional, thermally activated chemical vapor deposition mode. Spin density, hydrogen content, electrical conductivity and mobility gap properties show the LICVD process capable of producing very high quality films.

Haggerty, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Submicron silicon powder production in an aerosol reactor

Powder synthesis by thermally induced vapor phase reactions is described. The powder generated by this technique consists of spherical, nonagglomerated particles of high purity. The particles are uniform in size, in the 0.1-0.2-micron size range. Most of the particles are crystalline spheres. A small fraction of the spheres are amorphous. Chain agglomerates account for less than 1 percent of the spherules.

Wu, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Processing of laser formed SiC powder

Superior SiC characteristics can be achieved through the use of ideal constituent powders and careful post-synthesis processing steps. High purity SiC powders of approx. 1000 A uniform diameter, nonagglomerated and spherical were produced. This required major revision of the particle formation and growth model from one based on classical nucleation and growth to one based on collision and coalescence of Si particles followed by their carburization. Dispersions based on pure organic solvents as well as steric stabilization were investigated. Although stable dispersions were formed by both, subsequent part fabrication emphasized the pure solvents since fewer problems with drying and residuals of the high purity particles were anticipated. Test parts were made by the colloidal pressing technique; both liquid filtration and consolidation (rearrangement) stages were modeled. Green densities corresponding to a random close packed structure (approx. 63%) were achieved; this highly perfect structure has a high, uniform coordination number (greater than 11) approaching the quality of an ordered structure without introducing domain boundary effects. After drying, parts were densified at temperatures ranging from 1800 to 2100 C. Optimum densification temperatures will probably be in the 1900 to 2000 C range based on these preliminary results which showed that 2050 C samples had experienced substantial grain growth. Although overfired, the 2050 C samples exhibited excellent mechanical properties. Biaxial tensile strengths up to 714 MPa and Vickers hardness values of 2430 kg/sq mm 2 were both more typical of hot pressed than sintered SiC. Both result from the absence of large defects and the confinement of residual porosity (less than 2.5%) to small diameter, uniformly distributed pores.

Haggerty, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Particle-size reduction of Si3N4 powder with Si3N4 milling hardware

The grinding of Si3N4 powder using reaction bonded Si3N4 attrition, vibratory, and ball mills with Si3N4 media was examined. The rate of particle size reduction and the change in the chemical composition of the powder were determined in order to compare the grinding efficiency and the increase in impurity content resulting from mill and media wear for each technique. Attrition and vibratory milling exhibited rates of specific surface area increase that were approximately eight times that observed in ball milling. Vibratory milling introduced the greatest impurity pickup.

Herbell, T. P.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Grinding Si3N4 Powder In Si3N4 Equipment

Three methods of grinding compared. Report based on study of grinding silicon nitride powder in preparation for sintering into solid ceramic material. Attrition, vibratory, and ball mills lined with reaction-bonded silicon nitride tested. Rates of reduction of particle sizes and changes in chemical compositions of powders measured so grinding efficiences and increases in impurity contents from wear of mills and media evaluated for each technique.

Herbell, Thomas P.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Processing polymeric powders

The concept of uniformly and continuously depositing and sinter-fusing nominal 0.1 to 40 microns dimensioned electrostatically charged polymer powder particles onto essentially uniformly spread 5 to 20 micron grounded continuous fiber tow to produce a respoolable thermoplastic composite two-preg was formulated at NASA Langley. The process was reduced to practice under a NASA grant at the University of Akron this spring. The production of tow-preg is called phase 1. The production of ultrafine polymer powders from 5 to 10 percent (wt) polymer solids in solvent is considered. This is phase 0 and is discussed. The production of unitape from multi tow-pregs was also considered. This is phase 2 and is also discussed. And another approach to phase 1, also proposed last summer, was scoped. This is phase 1A and is also discussed.

Throne, James L.↗