Some problems of the human personality in aeronautics, aviation and astronautics
Problems of human personality in aeronautics, aviation, and astronautics
PERSONALITY↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Personality”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
(abstract) Satellite-Enhanced Personal Communications Experiments
As an initial step in exploring the opportunities afforded by the merger of satellite-based and land-based networks, Bellcore and JPL conducted several experiments utilizing NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) and JPL's ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT). Experimental goals fell into three categories: a) demonstrate personal communication applications, b) demonstrate interoperability among multiple wireless networks and the Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN), and c) evaluate new protocol mechanisms for data communications using wireless links. We describe the performance of Point-of-Sale, e-mail, FAX, and call control applications, where the communication path passed through up to four networks: a wireless packet data network, the Satellite network, the PSTN, and a wireless cellular network. One important element of satellite-terrestrial interoperability is the efficiency of data communications protocols. Most protocols in use today (e.g., TCP/IP) have been optimized for wireline channels; their use over wireless networks presents significant new challenges. The characteristics of wireless channels -- increased error, longer packet delay, and limited bandwidth -- affect the design of the protocol. We describe experimental results for differing protocol mechanisms and parameters, such as acknowledgment schemes and packet sizes, that demonstrate the types of protocol needed for efficient use of wireless satellite-terrestrial networks.
personal↗
Advice for emerging researchers on research program development: A personal case study
Yearly, hundreds of new scientists and engineers start their independent research programs at universities, government laboratories or other institutions. Every individual embarks on this pathway with some idea about what research directions they wish to undertake, but often, with little insight into how their research career may evolve over time. Additionally, there are relatively few descriptions of how the research programs of other scientists and engineers have developed over time. In most cases where such overviews are available, they are written towards the end of a researcher's career, at a point far from the early development of the program. In this work, I provide my personal thoughts and observations on the development and evolution of the first 16 years of my research program as a case study. This overview does not intend to suggest this particular case as an exemplar, but rather, provides a single example of how one program evolved. In the course of the description, I try to identify general observations and suggestions that might aid a new researcher in the chemical sciences or engineering in the development of their research program. Specifically, the focus is on a program where the newly independent investigator has significant autonomy to select research topics of her/his choice (e.g., many universities, some government or corporate labs), although it is recognized that in many organizations, a researcher must fit into and adapt to the specific needs of the host institution. A particular aspect of my research program is that it blends research on (1) materials chemistry, (2) catalysis and reaction engineering, and (3) separations. As such, I will draw from specific examples of my own work in these fields as part of the discussion. However, the reader should note that this perspective is not a traditional overview of the full breadth of the title research topic, although my group has written such reviews and perspectives on a variety of the subjects covered here.1-6 Instead, here I discuss how my program evolved in stages, including (1) the search for a position, (2) launching your laboratory, (3) development of research themes and finishing with (4) a summary of advice for researchers starting their independent laboratories.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A Personal Journey in Nanoscience via Developing and Applying Liquid Phase TEM
Liquid phase TEM has attracted widespread attention in recent years as a groundbreaking tool to address various fundamental problems in nanoscience. It has provided the opportunity to reveal many unseen dynamic phenomena of nanoscale materials in solution processes by direct imaging through liquids with high spatial and temporal resolution. After my earlier work on real-time imaging of the nucleation, growth, and dynamic motion of nanoparticles in liquids by developing high-resolution liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) down to the sub-nanometer level, I established my own research group at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in 2010. My group focuses on developing and applying liquid phase TEM to investigate complex systems and reactions. We have studied a set of scientific problems centered on understanding how atomic level heterogeneity and fluctuations at solid-liquid interfaces impact nanoscale materials transformations using advanced liquid phase TEM. This article describes my personal journey in nanoscience, highlighting the main discoveries of my research group using liquid phase TEM as a unique tool. Some perspectives on the impacts of liquid phase TEM and the future opportunities in nanoscience and nanotechnology enabled by liquid phase TEM are also included.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-Physical System (PERCS): A gamified end-user platform for energy efficiency and demand response.
The mission of the Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-physical System (PERCS) is to create new possibilities for improving building operating efficiency, enhancing grid reliability, avoiding costly power interruptions, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. PERCS proposes to achieve these outcomes by engaging building occupants as partners in a user-centered smart service platform. Using a non-intrusive load monitoring approach, PERCS uses a single sensing point in each home to capture smart electric meter data in real time. The household energy signal is disaggregated into individual load signatures of common appliances (e.g., air conditioners), yielding near real-time appliance-level energy information. Users interact with PERCS via a mobile phone platform that provides household- and appliance-level energy feedback, tailored recommendations, and a competitive game tied to energy use and behavioral changes. PERCS challenges traditional energy management approaches by directly engaging occupant as key elements in a technological system.
Sintov, Nicole↗
ANALYSIS OF EPR AND FISH STUDIES OF RADIATION DOSES IN PERSONS WHO LIVED IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE TECHA RIVER
Waterborne radioactive releases into the Techa River from the Mayak Production Association in Russia during 1949–1956 resulted in significant doses to about 30,000 persons who lived in downstream settlements. The residents were exposed to internal and external radiation. Two methods for reconstruction of the external dose are considered in this paper, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of teeth and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) measurements of chromosome translocations in circulating lymphocytes. The main issue in the application of the EPR and FISH methods for reconstruction of the external dose for the Techa Riverside residents was strontium radioisotopes incorporated in teeth and bones that served as a source of confounding local exposures. In order to estimate and subtract doses from incorporated 89,90Sr, the EPR and FISH assays were supported by measurements of 90Sr-body burdens and estimates of 90Sr concentrations in dental tissues by the luminescence method. The resulting dose estimates derived from EPR and FISH measurements for residents of the upper Techa River were found to be consistent: the mean values vary from 510 – 550 mGy for the villages located close to the site of radioactive release to 130 – 160 mGy for the more distant villages. The upper bound of individual estimates for both methods is equal to 2.2 – 2.3 Gy. The EPR- and FISH-based dose estimates were compared with the doses calculated for the donors using the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The TRDS external dose assessments were based on the data on contamination of the Techa River floodplain, simulation of ai r kerma above the contaminated soil, age-dependent life-styles and individual residence histories. For correct comparison TRDS-based doses were calculated from two sources: external exposure from the contaminated environment and internal exposure from 137Cs incorporated in donors’ soft tissues. The TRDS-based absorbed doses in tooth enamel and muscle were in agreement with with EPR- and FISH-based estimates within uncertainty bounds. Basically, the agreement between the estimates has confirmed the validity of external doses calculated with the Techa River Dosimetry System.
dose reconstruction↗
Weinberg’s Proposal of 1990: A Very Personal View
My personal encounter with Weinberg's proposal of 1990 was a really entertaining one: My collaborator David Entem and I had embarked to show that Weinberg's idea, though smart and beautiful, was essentially useless in practice (like so many of those genius ideas of the 1980s where people claimed to have "derived the nuclear force from QCD"). Furthermore, in trying to do so, we showed the opposite; namely, we showed that Weinberg's idea worked better than allowed by any reasonable means.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Metabolism of pharmaceutical and personal care products by carrot cell cultures
With the increasing use of treated wastewater and biosolids in agriculture, residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in these reused resources may contaminate food produce via plant uptake, constituting a route for human exposure. Although various PPCPs have been reported to be taken up by plants in laboratories or under field conditions, at present little information is available on their metabolism in plants. Here, we applied carrot cell cultures to investigate the plant metabolism of PPCPs. Five phase I metabolites of carbamazepine were identified and the potential metabolism pathways of carbamazepine were proposed. We also used the carrot cell cultures as a rapid screening tool to initially assess the metabolism potentials of 18 PPCPs. Eleven PPCPs, including acetaminophen, caffeine, meprobamate, primidone, atenolol, trimethoprim, DEET, carbamazepine, dilantin, diazepam, and triclocarban, were found to be recalcitrant to metabolism. The other 7 PPCPs, including triclosan, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, sulfamethoxazole, and atorvastatin, displayed rapid metabolism, with 0.4–47.3% remaining in the culture at the end of the experiment. Further investigation using glycosidase hydrolysis showed that 1.3–20.6% of initially spiked naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and gemfibrozil were transformed into glycoside conjugates. Results from this study showed that plant cell cultures may be a useful tool for initially exploring the potential metabolites of PPCPs in plants as well as for rapidly screening the metabolism potentials of a variety of PPCPs or other emerging contaminants, and therefore may be used for prioritizing compounds for further comprehensive evaluations.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Capturing the spatial variability of noise levels based on a short-term monitoring campaign and comparing noise surfaces against personal exposures collected through a panel study
Highlights: • A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed to generate noise exposure surfaces. • Noise data were collected based on short-term measurements in Toronto, Canada. • Various model specifications were tested in terms of the resulting predictions. • Predictions were validated against data from a panel and from a long-term campaign. • Models that involved manual adjustments resulted in more realistic surfaces. Environmental noise can cause important cardiovascular effects, stress and sleep disturbance. The development of appropriate methods to estimate noise exposure within a single urban area remains a challenging task, due to the presence of various transportation noise sources (road, rail, and aircraft). In this study, we developed a land-use regression (LUR) approach using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) for LA{sub eq} (equivalent noise level) to capture the spatial variability of noise levels in Toronto, Canada. Four different model formulations were proposed based on continuous 20-min noise measurements at 92 sites and a leave one out cross-validation (LOOCV). Models where coefficients for variables considered as noise sources were forced to be positive, led to the development of more realistic exposure surfaces. Three different measures were used to assess the models; adjusted R{sup 2} (0.44–0.64), deviance (51−72%) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) (469.2–434.6). When comparing exposures derived from the four approaches to personal exposures from a panel study, we observed that all approaches performed very similarly, with values for the Fractional mean bias (FB), normalized mean square error (NMSE), and normalized absolute difference (NAD) very close to 0. Finally, we compared the noise surfaces with data collected from a previous campaign consisting of 1-week measurements at 200 fixed sites in Toronto and observed that the strongest correlations occurred between our predictions and measured noise levels along major roads and highway collectors. Our validation against long-term measurements and panel data demonstrates that manual modifications brought to the models were able to reduce bias in model predictions and achieve a wider range of exposures, comparable with measurement data.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Enhancing the thermosiphon-driven discharge of a latent heat thermal storage system used in a personal cooling device
Personal cooling devices reduce energy loads by allowing buildings to operate with elevated setpoint temperatures, without compromising on the occupant comfort. One such novel technology called the Roving Comforter (RoCo) uses a compact R134a based vapor compression system for cooling. Following its cooling operation, during which waste heat from the condensing refrigerant is stored in a phase change material (PCM), a two-phase loop thermosiphon is used to discharge (solidify) the PCM to enable its next operation. The transient operation of this thermosiphon is the focus of the present paper. Use of a PCM as the storage medium provides high energy density due to the ability to store thermal energy as latent heat during the phase transition; however, the discharge rate is limited by the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. Insertion of a graphite foam within the PCM can increase the rate of discharge and decrease the downtime of the cooling device. Since graphite enhancement involves a tradeoff between improving the discharge time at the expense of PCM volumetric latent heat, the impact of graphite foam density on the PCM discharge rate is investigated by using a Modelica-based transient model of the thermosiphon. The semi-empirical model, which uses relevant heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop correlations for both refrigerant and airside heat transfer, captures the complex phenomena involving simultaneous phase change of the refrigerant and the PCM. Finally, the graphite enhanced PCM selected from this analysis results in a 51% reduction in the discharge time with addition of only 5% to the thermal storage weight, without compromising the required cooling time.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Improving Tumor Treating Fields Treatment Efficacy in Patients With Glioblastoma Using Personalized Array Layouts
Purpose: To investigate tumors of different size, shape, and location and the effect of varying transducer layouts on Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) distribution in an anisotropic model. Methods and Materials: A realistic human head model was generated from MR images of 1 healthy subject. Four different virtual tumors were placed at separate locations. The transducer arrays were modeled to mimic the TTFields-delivering commercial device. For each tumor location, varying array layouts were tested. The finite element method was used to calculate the electric field distribution, taking into account tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy. Results: In all tumors, the average electric field induced by either of the 2 perpendicular array layouts exceeded the 1-V/cm therapeutic threshold value for TTFields effectiveness. Field strength within a tumor did not correlate with its size and shape but was higher in more superficial tumors. Additionally, it always increased when the array was adapted to the tumor's location. Compared with a default layout, the largest increase in field strength was 184%, and the highest average field strength induced in a tumor was 2.21 V/cm. Conclusions: These results suggest that adapting array layouts to specific tumor locations can significantly increase field strength within the tumor. Our findings support the idea of personalized treatment planning to increase TTFields efficacy for patients with GBM.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Toward Personalized Dosimetry with {sup 32}P Microparticle Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Purpose: To develop a Monte Carlo model for patient-specific dosimetry of {sup 32}P microparticle localized internal radionuclide therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods and Materials: Spherical tumor geometries and a pancreatic phantom were modeled, as well as different 3-dimensional non-uniform clinical pancreatic geometries based on patient-specific ultrasound images. The dosimetry simulations modeled the dose distribution due to the energy spectrum of emitted beta particles. Results: The average dose for small (3-cm diameter) and large (6-cm diameter) spherical tumors was 111 Gy (for 7.6 MBq administered activity) and 128 Gy (for 58 MBq), respectively. For the clinical 3-dimensional geometries, on the basis of patient data, the mean doses delivered to the tumor were calculated to be in the range 102 to 113 Gy, with negligible dose to the pancreas for the smallest tumor volumes. The calculated dose distributions are highly non-uniform. For the largest tumor studied, the pancreas received approximately 6% of the tumor dose (5.7 Gy). Importantly, we found that because the smallest tumor studied exhibited the most dynamic changes in volume in response to the treatment, the dose to tumor and pancreas is significantly underestimated if a static tumor volume is assumed. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the dosimetry of {sup 32}P microparticle localized internal radionuclide therapy for pancreatic cancer and the possibility of developing personalized treatment strategies. The results also highlight the importance of considering the effects of non-uniform dose distributions and dynamic change of tumor mass during treatment on the dosimetry of the tumor and critical organs.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Quantitative Evaluation of Head and Neck Cancer Treatment–Related Dysphagia in the Development of a Personalized Treatment Deintensification Paradigm
To test the hypothesis that quantifying swallow function with multiple patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments is an important strategy to yield insights in the development of personalized deintensified therapies seeking to reduce the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment–related dysphagia (HNCTD).
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
A Prospective Trial Demonstrating the Benefit of Personalized Selection Of Breath-Hold Technique for Upper-Abdominal Radiation Therapy Using the Active Breathing Coordinator
For upper abdominal tumors, our institutional-standard motion reduction method is the expiration breath-hold (EBH) technique, using Active Breathing Coordinator (ABC). However, an individual patient's breath-hold (BH) reproducibility (R{sub BH}) may be improved in deep inspiration or inspiration breath-hold (DIBH or IBH). This trial compared the tumor position R{sub BH}, stability (S{sub BH}), and breath-hold time (T{sub BH}) of 3 BH methods, using ABC, to personalize the selection of technique, by using a preplanning screening assessment.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Brain IGFBP-5 modifies the relation of depressive symptoms to decline in cognition in older persons.
BACKGROUND: Brain proteins, including Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 (IGFBP-5), have been associated with cognitive dysfunction in aging. Mechanisms linking depression with cognition are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the association of depressive symptoms with cognition is mediated or modified by brain proteins. METHODS: IGFBP-5, HSPB2, AK4, ITPK1 and PLXNB1 were measured in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 1057 deceased participants, who underwent annual assessments of depressive symptoms and cognition for a mean of 8.9 years. The average number of depressive symptoms per year before a dementia diagnosis was calculated for each person. RESULTS: A one standard deviation above the mean IGFBP-5 was associated with a 14% higher odds of having more depressive symptoms (p < 0.031). Higher IGFBP-5 was associated with faster decline in global cognition (p < 0.001) and five cognitive domains (p < 0.008), controlling for depressive symptoms. IGFBP-5 moderated the association of depressive symptoms with decline in global cognition (p?=?0.045). IGFBP-5 mediated ten percent or less of the total effect of depressive symptoms on decline in global cognition and the cognitive domains (p > 0.070). LIMITATIONS: Participants were volunteers and self-selection bias limits the generalizability of our findings. In addition, we used self-reported data on depressive symptoms. However, we also used data on depression medications as sensitivity analyses to confirm findings. CONCLUSIONS: In old age, brain IGFBP-5 is associated with depressive symptoms and cognition. The association of depressive symptoms with cognitive decline is conditional on IGFBP-5
depression, dementia, cognition, IGFBP-5, Protien↗
A personal spin on spin currents
This article contains my personal account on how I got interested in spin transport phenomena, which ultimately resulted in investigating multiple facets of spin–orbit torques, as well as magnetization dynamics. Originally this research focused on questions that seemed rather academic with little relevance to applications. But over time it developed into one of the key research areas for modern spintronic devices. This journey started off with investigating spin polarized charge currents, later focused on pure spin currents, and ultimately explored spin waves (magnons) as the potential carriers of spin information. Most of this work was performed in the Magnetic Films group of the Argonne National Laboratory, which for more than three decades used to be one of the world-leading places for magnetism research.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
PHASE: Personalized Head-based Automatic Simulation for Electromagnetic properties in 7T MRI
Accurate and individualized human head models are becoming increasingly important for electromagnetic (EM) simulations. These simulations depend on precise anatomical representations to realistically model electric and magnetic field distributions, particularly when evaluating Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) within safety guidelines. State of the art simulations use the Virtual Population due to limited public resources and the impracticality of manually annotating patient data at scale. Here, this paper introduces Personalized Head-based Automatic Simulation for EM properties (PHASE), an automated open-source toolbox that generates high-resolution, patient-specific head models for EM simulations using paired T1-weighted (T1w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans with 14 tissue labels. To evaluate the performance of PHASE models, we conduct semi-automated segmentation and EM simulations on 15 real human patients, serving as the gold standard reference. The PHASE model achieved comparable global SAR and localized SAR averaged over 10 grams of tissue (SAR-10g), demonstrating its potential as a promising tool for generating large-scale human model datasets in the future. The code and models of PHASE toolbox have been made publicly available: https://github.com/hrlblab/PHASE.
Deep learning↗
Opinion to address the personal protective equipment shortage in the global community during the COVID-19 outbreak
The current COVID-19 pandemic is stretching both the global supply for face masks and personal protective equipment (PPE). Production capacity is severely limited in many countries. This is a call for the R&D community, particularly to those in the polymer degradation and stability field. We have not only an opportunity but an obligation to engage and collaborate with virology and bio-medical experts. We require comparative R&D for extended, reuse and recyclability options. Additionally, there is urgent need for large scale institutional approaches and methods that can be quickly applied locally by non-experts with limited resources.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗