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DOE OSTI2018

New $\nu_e + \bar{\nu}_e$ Appearance Results from NOvA [Slides]

aNOvA (the NuMI Off-Axis $\nu_{e}$ Appearance Experiment) utilizes a near detector at Fermilab and a far detector 810 km away in Ash River, MN, to study the properties of neutrinos. Using a beam originating at Fermilab, NOvA studies neutrino oscillation via the disappearance of $\nu_{\mu}$, $\bar{\nu_{\mu}}$ in the beam and the corresponding appearance of $\nu_{e}$, $\bar{\nu_{e}}$. Prior results from NOvA have studied $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{e}$ with the accumulated neutrino interactions from approximately 9x10$^{20}$ protons on target (POT), full detector equivalent. In the time since, NOvA has accumulated anti-neutrino data to study $\bar{\nu_{\mu}} \rightarrow \bar{\nu_{e}}$ with approximately 7x10$^{20}$ POT. Though adding to the level of complexity in the analysis, this combined dataset provides enhanced sensitivity to important unresolved oscillation parameters, such as mixing angles, mass splitting and ordering, and the CP violating phase. Aspects of the appearance channel ($\nu_{e}$ and $\bar{\nu_{e}}$) analysis and results for NOvA's first study combining neutrino and antineutrino data will be discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

NOvA Reconstruction using Deep Learning [Slides]

The NOvA experiment has made measurements of the disappearance of νμ and the appearance of νe in the NuMI beam at Fermilab. Key to these measurements is the identification of the neutrino flavor and measurement of the neutrino energy, for which NOvA has implemented deep learning algorithms utilizing tools from the field of computer vision. These algorithms, first applied to NOvA's 2016 results, showed significant improvement over previous reconstruction methods. I will present NOvA's implementation of deep learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks for identification of event neutrino flavor and single particles used in the 2018 analysis.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF THE NEUTRINO FLUX AT THE NOvA EXPERIMENT

An accurate prediction of the neutrino ux is needed for precision oscillation, and is critical for the cross-section measurements. NOvA, a second-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment at Fermilab, is designed to measure the (anti) electron neutrino appearance and the (anti) muon neutrino disappearance. NOvA uses two functionally identical detectors separated by 810 kilometers at locations 14 milliradians o-axis from the NuMI muon neutrino beam at Fermilab. At these locations the beam energy peaks at 2 GeV. This baseline is the longest in the world for an accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment, which enhances the sensitivity to the neutrino mass ordering. This thesis presents a novel method to empirically constrain the neutrino ux at NOvA Detector using the NuMI accelerator facility at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The precisely constrained ux will be used to conduct precision measurements of neutrino oscillation and cross-section in the NOvA experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Comparison of oscillation parameters measured from $\nu_\mu$ and $\bar{\nu}_\mu$ disappearance in the NOvA experiment

The NOvA experiment is a neutrino oscillation experiment designed to make precise measurements of \nueD and \nuebarD appearance and \numuD and \numubarD disappearance at long distances and GeV energy scales. Using Fermilab's Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam, the experiment is provided with a highly pure and abundant source of either \numuD or $\numubar$. NOvA’s \numuD and \numubarD disappearance measurement is particularly sensitive to constraining the \snD vs.~\dmD space of oscillation parameters. Any difference between \numuD and \numubarD disappearance in vacuum could be an indication of the combination of Charge Conjugation, Parity and Time reversal (CPT) symmetry not being conserved in the neutrino sector or something else beyond our current understanding of physics.\medskip This thesis presents results from two \numuD and \numubarD disappearance analyses, one where \snD and \dmD are assumed to be identical as in the standard three neutrino flavour model, and t he other where the oscillation parameters can differ between neutrinos and antineutrinos. In the later, the core analysis of this thesis, the parameters \snD and \dmD are measured using just the information from neutrinos, and the parameters \snbarD and \dmbarD are measured using just the information from antineutrinos. The results for the mass splitting are $\Delta m^2_{32}=2.48^{+0.07}_{-0.09} \times 10^{-3}~\rm{eV}^2$ and $\Delta\bar{m}^2_{32}=2.55^{+0.12}_{-0.13} \times 10^{-3}~\rm{eV}^2$. The results for the mixing angle are $\rm{sin}^2\theta_{23}= 0.51$ in the range $[0.45, 0.57]$, and two degenerate best fits for $\rm{sin}^2\bar{\theta}_{23}$ at 0.41 and 0.61 in the ranges $[0.38, 0.45]$ and $[0.57, 0.64]$ allowed at $1~\sigma$. No significant difference between the oscillation parameters measured using \numuD or \numubarD was found. The data analysed in this thesis was collected between 2014 and 2019, for which the NOvA detectors collected an exposure of \potFHC and \potRHC protons-on-target (POT) for the production of the \n! umuD and \numubarD beams respectively. This data is about a quarter and a third of what NOvA is expected to collect in \nuD and \nubarD mode, respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Neutrino Scattering in the NOvA Near Detector

aNOvA is a long-baseline accelerator-based neutrino experiment based in the USA. NOvA uses an intense neutrino beam produced at Fermilab’s accelerator complex to make physics measurements of neutrino oscillations, neutrino cross sections, and much more. For its physics goals, NOvA uses two functionally-identical detectors. The Near Detector (ND) is situated at Fermilab, 1 km from the neutrino target and the Far Detector (FD) is located at Ash River, MN, a distance of 810 km from the neutrino source. The ND receives a high statistics neutrino flux which gives a unique opportunity for high-precision neutrino cross-section measurements and is used as a control for the oscillation analyses. In this talk/poster, I will give an overview of the NOvA experiment. I will also talk about the current and future status of the NOvA’s cross-section physics program.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Bayesian Fit for the NOvA Three Flavor Oscillation Analysis

NOvA is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, using Fermilab's NuMI beam and a functionally identical near and far detector. NOvA measures muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance to probe neutrino oscillation parameters, including the large neutrino mixing angle, the mass ordering, and the CP-violating phase. NOvA has developed a Bayesian analysis in addition to its Frequentist analysis, using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. This Bayesian framework allows for measurements previously difficult to make with the Frequentist framework, such as the Jarlskog invariant and the reactor mixing angle. The details and status of the Bayesian Framework will be presented, as well as latest NOvA results on measurements of three-flavor oscillation parameters.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Latest Three Flavor Neutrino Oscillation Results from the NOvA Experiment.

NOvA, is a two-detector, long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment located at Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA. It is designed primarily to constrain neutrino oscillation parameters such as the atmospheric mass squared splitting, $\Delta m^2_{32}$, the mixing angle, $\theta_{23}$, neutrino mass hierachy, and the CP-violating phase, $\delta_{CP}$, using $\nu_\mu \ (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ disappearance and $\nu_e \ (\bar{\nu}_e)$ appearance data. NOvA receives a high purity instense beam of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos from Fermilab's Neutrinos at Main Injector (NuMI) beamline. The NOvA near detector (ND) observes un-oscillated $\nu_\mu \ (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ and beam $\nu_e \ (\bar{\nu}_e)$ events, while the far detector (FD), which is situated 810 km away from the near detector, records un-oscillated $\nu_\mu \ (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ and oscillated $\nu_e \ (\bar{\nu}_e)$ events. The best fit values of the oscillation parameters are extracted by performing a joint fit of the far detector predicted events to data from $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\mu$, $\bar{\nu}_\mu \to \bar{\nu}_\mu$, $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$, and $\bar{\nu}_\mu \to \bar{\nu}_e$ oscillation channels. We present latest joint fit results from NOvA based on a neutrino-beam exposure of $27.24 \times 10^{20}$ POT and an anti-neutrino beam exposure of $12.55\times 10^{20}$ POT and improved simulations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the Triple Differential Muon-Antineutrino Charged-Current Inclusive Cross Section in the NOvA Near Detector

NOvA is a long-baseline accelerator-based internationally collaborated neutrino experiment based in the USA. NOvA uses an intense neutrino beam produced at Fermilab’s accelerator complex to make physics measurements of neutrino oscillations, neutrino cross sections, and other high quality neutrino analyses. For its physics goals, NOvA uses two functionally-identical detectors. The Near Detector (ND) is situated at Fermilab, 1 km from the neutrino target and the Far Detector (FD) is located at Ash River, MN, a distance of 810 km from the neutrino source. The ND sees high intensity of the neutrino beam due to its close proximity to the neutrino target. This gives us a unique opportunity for high-precision neutrino cross-section measurements. In this talk, we present our latest results of the muon antineutrino charge current inclusive cross section measurement in the NOvA ND. The new measurement is a triple differential cross section in antimuon kinematic phase-space and in the total energy of all observable final state hadrons, also known as the available energy. We compare different GENIE configuration to our data. We also compare our data results to various neutrino generator predictions, for example, comparisons to GENIE, NuWro, NEUT, and GiBUU neutrino generators are presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Latest Constraints on Three-Flavor Neutrino Oscillation Parameters from the NOvA Experiment.

NOvA, is a two-detector, long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment located at Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA. The NOvA experiment was designed primarily to constrain neutrino oscillation parameters by analyzing $\nu_\mu (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ disappearance and $\nu_e (\bar{\nu}_e)$ appearance data observed at the far detector. The Neutrinos at Main Injector (NuMI) beamline at Fermilab provides a high purity beam of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos to the experiment. The NOvA experiment consists of two functionally identical, finely granulated liquid tracking calorimeters, both situated 14.6 mrad off-axis to the beam direction. The NOvA near detector, situated 100 meters underground and 1 kilometer from the beam source, detects the non-oscillated $\nu_\mu (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ and beam $\nu_e (\bar{\nu}_e)$ events. The far detector, located in Ash River, MN, USA, 810 kilometers from the beam source, records the non-oscillated $\nu_\mu (\bar{\nu}_\mu)$ and the oscillated $\nu_\mu (\bar{\nu}_\mu) \to \nu_e (\bar{\nu}_e)$ events. The most recent measurements of three flavor neutrino oscillation parameters based on an analysis of the data collected from neutrino-beam exposure of $26.60 \times 10^{20}$ POT and anti-neutrino beam exposure of $12.50\times 10^{20}$ POT including an additional low energy $\nu_e$ sample, will be presented in this talk.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Protons in the NOvA Test Beam

The NOvA (NuMI Off-Axis electron neutrino Appearance) Experiment is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment composed of two functionally identical detectors, a 300 ton Near Detector, and a 14 kton Far Detector separated by 809 km and placed 14 mrad off the axis of the NuMI neutrino beam created at Fermilab. This configuration enables NOvA's rich neutrino physics program, which includes measuring neutrino mixing parameters, determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, and probing CP violation in the leptonic sector. The NOvA Test Beam experiment deployed at Fermilab between 2018 and 2022 used a scaled-down 30 ton detector to analyse tagged beamline particles. The beamline selected and identified electrons, muons, pions, kaons, and protons with momenta ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 GeV/c, as understanding how the detector responds to these particles found in the final state of neutrino interactions is crucial. This poster shows preliminary results from studies of proton response in the NOvA Test Beam detector.

Bannister, Emerson [Sussex U.] (ORCID:000000027535↗

DOE OSTI2026

Towards a numu CC exclusive cross section measurement with one proton and one muon in the final state at the NOvA near detector

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment at Fermilab that studies neutrino oscillations via electron neutrino appearance and muon neutrino disappearance. The NOvA Near Detector, located 1 km from the NuMI target, records a high rate of neutrino interactions in the energy range of 1-5 GeV. One of the limitations in precise extraction of oscillations is the large systematic uncertainty on neutrino-nucleus interactions. The high rate of neutrino interactions in the NOvA Near Detector provides the opportunity to probe various neutrino interaction processes and nuclear models, via the extraction of cross sections of particular final states. Nuclear models can be improved by measuring neutrino-nucleus cross sections with respect to kinematic variables which are known to be more sensitive to nuclear effects, such as transverse kinematic imbalance (TKI) variables. Usage of TKI variables allows for more direct constraints on models of neutrino scattering, as these variables can more directly investigate, for instance, effects of Fermi motion and final state interactions. In this work, we describe progress towards a method of identifying and reconstructing protons in the NOvA near detector to enable the cross section measurement of charged current neutrino interactions with a visible muon and a proton in the final state, reported in TKI variables.

Weber, Colin [Minnesota U.] (ORCID:000000031117067↗

DOE OSTI2026

First Sterile Neutrino Search at NOvA Experiment Using both Neutrino and Anti-Neutrino Data

NOvA is a long-baseline experiment with two functionally identical detectors with a Near Detector placed 1 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab and a Far Detector 810 km away at Ash River, Minnesota. NOvA uses a very high-intensity ($\sim$900 kW) beam of neutrinos and antineutrinos from Fermilab's NuMI beamline, together with two functionally identical detectors placed 14 mrad off the beam axis. NOvA is built to investigate the complex properties of neutrinos with an emphasis on neutrino oscillations. NOvA not only probes active neutrino mixing but also explores exotic oscillations, including sterile neutrino searches. This analysis uses the joint $\nu_{\mu}$ and neutral current (NC) disappearance channels to probe active-sterile mixing in the 3+1 model. Furthermore, this analysis leverages our statistics of 27$\times$10$^{20}$ protons on target (POT) in neutrino mode and 12.5$\times$10$^{20}$ protons on target (POT) in antineutrino mode. In this poster, we will present the first dual-baseline search for sterile neutrinos using both the neutrino and antineutrino datasets.

Chaudhary, S. [Indian Inst. Tech., Guwahati]↗

DOE OSTI2026

Regression Convolutional Neural Network for Energy Estimation in NOvA

Regression Convolutional Neural Network for Energy Estimation in NOvA" Abstract: "NOvA (NuMI Off-Axis $\nu_e$ Appearance) is a long baseline neutrino experiment designed to measure neutrino oscillations over a distance of 810 km. NOvA employs a near and far detector to observe $\nu_\mu$ disappearance and $\nu_e$ appearance of neutrinos produced by the NuMI beam at Fermilab. Energy reconstruction is critical for precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters and cross sections, which are functions of neutrino energy. Energy estimation remains difficult due to the complexity of detector response and final state particle kinematics. We present a regression-based convolutional neural network (CNN) method that reconstructs neutrino and lepton energies based on raw pixel inputs for NOvA. The trained model is able to reconstruct event energy for different interaction modes and complex final states containing leptons and hadrons. Studies of regression CNN networks show improved energy resolution and reduced sensitivity to calibration scale uncertainties relative to traditional kinematics-based energy reconstruction techniques. The results demonstrate the potential of the regression CNN method for neutrino physics analyses by improving on standard kinematics-based reconstruction.

Zhao, Larry [UC, Irvine (main)]↗

DOE OSTI2020

Details of the NOvA 3-flavor oscillation analysis

NOvA is a world-leading long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. Its fine granularity allows the detection and identification of particle interactions in the detectors, notably muon and electron neutrino interactions. NOvA can measure the electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance rates, as well as the muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance rates, in order to constrain the neutrino oscillations parameters, the neutrino mass hierarchy and the CP-violating phase $\delta_{CP}$.NOvA's latest results combine both neutrino data (8.85$\times{}10^{20}$ POT) and antineutrino data (12.33$\times{}10^{20}$ POT). A 4.4$\sigma$ evidence for $\overline{\nu}_{e}$ appearance in a $\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ beam was measured. In addition, NOvA favors the Normal Hierachy (1.9$\sigma$) and prefers the Upper Octant for $\theta_{23}$ (1.6$\sigma$).}

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

The NOvA Test Beam Program

NOvA is a long-baseline oscillation neutrino experiment designed to study and measure a wide range of important topics for neutrino physics such as the neutrino mixing parameters, the neutrino mass hierarchy, and CP violation in the lepton sector. The NOvA Test Beam experiment uses a scaled-down detector of 30 tons to analyze tagged beamline particles. A new tertiary beamline deployed at Fermilab can select and identify electrons, muons, pions, kaons and protons with momenta from 0.2 to 2 GeV/c. Using these data, the Test Beam program will provide NOvA with a better understanding of the largest systematic uncertainties impacting the analyses, including the detector response, calibration, and hadronic and electromagnetic energy resolution. The status and future plans for the NOvA Test beam program, along with preliminary results, are presented in these Proceedings.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

NASA NTRS1972

Ultraviolet photometry of Nova Serpentis 1970

The appearance of the bright nova, Nova Serpentis 1970, provided the first opportunity to obtain spectrophotometric observations of a nova in the vacuum ultraviolet. OAO-2 carried out systematic measurements from shortly after outburst on through the first sixty days of nova activity. This data consist of filter photometry and spectral scans. General characteristics of the light and spectral variations in the ultraviolet exhibited by this set of data are described.

Code, A. D.↗

NASA NTRS1974

CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. II - 1.00 solar mass models with enhanced carbon and oxygen

Results of a computation of a variety of evolutionary sequences involving thermonuclear runaways in the hydrogen-rich envelopes of 1.00-solar-mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs. The evidence concerning the location of the outburst in the nova system is reexamined, and it is concluded that the white dwarf is the seat of the outburst. An order-of-magnitude argument is presented which indicates that for a 1.00-solar-mass white dwarf it is impossible to achieve mass ejection without an energy generation of approximately 10 to the 16th ergs/g/sec. A description is given of models with low nuclear enhancements that do not produce an outburst, although their evolution has certain implications for the cause of the dwarf-nova outburst. The results for models that produced a nova outburst are then presented, and on the basis of these results it is found possible to explain continuous ejection, Kukarkin and Parenago's (1934) relationship, and other gross features of the nova phenomena.

Starrfield, S.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Grains of anomalous isotopic composition from novae

The effects of grain formation in nova ejecta are studied in order to model the optical and infrared luminosities schematically and to identify the anomalies of isotopic composition that should be present in large abundance in these grains. The large carbon concentration makes rapid and efficient grain formation possible and accounts for the peculiar luminosities observed in Nova Serpentis 1970. In the anticipated range of nova conditions, rapid addition of hot protons during the outburst produces large overabundances of C-13, O-18, Na-22, Al-26, Si-30, and perhaps others. Anomalous C-14 is expected subsequent to the C-13(alpha, n)O-16 reaction, and will be trapped in grains formed by subsequent atmospheric loss. Each of these anomalies may have been detected on the moon (due to accretion of interstellar dust) or in carbonaceous chondrites. Perhaps nova grains are responsible.

Clayton, D. D.↗