Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “MIcrostructure”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Computational Characterization and Model Verification for 3D Microstructure Reconstruction of Additively-Manufactured Materials

The goal of this study is to characterize and validate the texture and grain topology of additively-manufactured anisotropic three-dimensional (3D) polycrystalline microstructures. The special focus is on developing methodologies to compare the grain shapes and orientations of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D microstructure representations using the same metric. To generate statistical data, synthetic microstructures are reconstructed from experimental data using Markov random field (MRF). The statistical similarity between the experimental and synthetic microstructures is verified by comparing their grain topologies. A universal measure to compare 2D and 3D grains is portrayed through the concept of image moments that are invariant to shape transformations. The graphical plots developed based on moment invariants to compare the 2D and 3D grains are used to verify the synthetic model

Materials Characterization↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Influence of Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Inconel 939

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment variations on the microstructure and tensile properties of laser powder bed fused Inconel 939 manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. Three different heat treatment schedules, all of which comprise stress relief, hot isostatic pressing, solution annealing, and aging, were followed, and resulting changes in microstructure were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests were conducted on specimens subjected to different heat treatments to evaluate the mechanical properties at room temperature. Microstructural results showed that solution treatment at 1190 °C for 4 h led to better removal of dendritic microstructure, while second-step aging at 850 °C resulted in monomodal distribution of precipitates. However, the second-step aging temperatures from 750 to 800 °C resulted in bi-modal distribution. The optimal heat treatment schedule, which yielded a superior combination of strength and ductility, involved solution treatment at 1190 °C for 4 h and two-step aging at 1000 °C for 6 h and 800 °C for 4 h.

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Towards Integrated Computational Materials Engineering for Quantifying Performance Impacts of Microstructure and Defect Interactions in Powder Bed Fusion Parts

Powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of parts with complexity and functionality levels that were previously impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. By modifying the laser power, hatch spacing, or the numerous other processing parameters, the PBF process supports the production of a wide set of materials and geometries. However, that same process parameter design flexibility causes the process-design space of PBF to be massive and expensive to explore experimentally. Another challenge is quality variation across a build. As a part is being built, geometric variance between locations, such as at a thin-wall section vs. the bulk material, may cause the specified processing parameters to no longer be acceptable for producing defect-free printing. Furthermore, if the processing parameters deviate during the print process, it is difficult to assess if the part will still perform satisfactorily. Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) provides a way to understand and address these various challenges. This talk will present advancements in process-structure simulations of PBF at NASA Langley Research Center. The ability to simulate grain-scale PBF microstructures using the Physically Based Monte Carlo method will be demonstrated and compared to experimental measurements. Techniques for simulating three-dimensional lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity defects based on the specific processing conditions and approaches for integrating the two porosity prediction techniques alongside the computational microstructure evolution models will be shown. Finally, the integration of simulated PBF microstructures, embedded process defects, and crystal plasticity finite element models to elucidate the interaction of porosity and microstructure on micromechanical fields will be demonstrated. These integrated techniques demonstrate an example of using ICME to relate processing to performance for PBF AM materials. With continued maturity, it is hoped that such ICME approaches will lead to next-generation computational-materials supported qualification and certification of AM parts.

Additive manufacturing↗
NASA NTRS2023

Handbook for Additively Manufactured Materials: Microstructure, Properties, and Fractography

As the additive manufacturing (AM) industry has grown and the processes have matured more alloys have been adapted to the various AM processes. Understanding the microstructure and properties of these AM alloys is important in designing parts that perform appropriately in application. For decades materials handbooks have been informative references for designers and engineers alike to know what properties and microstructures to expect in alloys produced by other forms of manufacturing. AM alloy references for properties and microstructures have been largely limited to literature that may not be subject to the same industry standard heat treatments or in standard process parameters. NASA has worked with partners to characterize various commercially available AM alloys with a high degree of traceability. This work aims utilize industry-relevant, traceable datasets to develop a new handbook for AM alloys to better inform designers and engineers of the microstructures, fractures, and first order properties from over 30 AM alloys produced across the industry.

Additive Manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Additive manufacturing of AISI M2 tool steel by binder jetting (BJ): Investigation of microstructural and mechanical properties

The presented research demonstrates for the first time the successful processing of AISI M2 tool steel by binder jetting, a promising additive manufacturing technique capable of producing complex shapes with minimal residual stresses and isotropic properties. The optimal printing parameters were explored by varying processing parameters such as the binder saturation (45 %–105 %), binder set time (0 to 10 s), targeted bed temperature (50–60 °C), oscillator (2600–2750 rpm), recoater (20–28 mm/s), and roller speeds (200–300 rpm). Microstructural characterization and evaluation of mechanical properties of binder jetted parts were performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to study their chemical composition, powder morphology, microstructure, carbide morphologies, relative density, hardness, compressive strength, and ductility. Two powder sizes (5 and 10 μm) were used, and sintering was performed at varying temperatures (1270, 1280, and 1300 °C) and durations (60 and 120 min), followed by a furnace, air, and water cooling. An optimum hardness of ~970 HV was obtained when parts were sintered at 1270 °C for 60 min, followed by water quenching. Impressive compressive strength of ~ 3580 MPa was observed in the sample sintered at 1280 °C for 60 min duration, followed by air cooling. Furnace-cooled parts showed the highest density of ~95 %, whereas the relative density of air- and water-cooled parts varied between ~91 to 93.50 %, respectively. The microstructure of sintered samples revealed the formation of M 6 C stable carbide, M 2 C metastable carbide, MC as a secondary carbide, and a-Fe matrix, which contributed to the observed increase in mechanical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Laser‐Powder Melt Pool Solidification Dynamics and Microstructural Engineering of Ti‐5553 Microlattices

The fine geometric and topological control afforded by additive manufacturing technologies has enabled the manufacture of architected materials across length scales, and enabling tunable mechanical performance as a function of local and global design. Progress has been made to tune the mechanical response of architected materials through geometry, but understanding how the geometry and processing conditions will inform the microstructure remains a challenge due to the rapid solidification in laser powder bed fusion. This study uses in situ X-ray imaging and electron backscatter diffraction microscopy to demonstrate that the melt pool size, microstructure morphology, and elastic strain distribution is influenced by a combination of lattice geometry and laser processing conditions. These results indicate that within larger melt pools the local thermal gradients are sufficient to enable a columnar-to-equiaxed transition across the melt pool. Furthermore, the solidification mechanisms producing these microstructures are examined across the first 5 ms of melting and solidification, described via in situ high-speed X-ray imaging and mirrored via multiphysics simulation.

additive manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reactive Carbide‐Based Synthesis and Microstructure of NASICON Sodium Metal All Solid‐State Electrolyte

Reactive carbide precursor-based synthesis of NASICON-type NZSP (Na 1+x Zr 2 Si x P 3-x O 12 ) solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is demonstrated, in contrast to the established oxide-based approach. Exothermic decomposition of ZrC and SiC in air homogenizes microstructure, yielding 98% compact density after conventional sintering at 1200 °C. Quantitative stereology demonstrates that significant microstructural differences are present. Compacts of carbide-derived Carb-NZSP are 98% dense with a secondary zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) volume fraction of 0.2% ± 0.3%, versus 93% dense and 3% ± 1% for oxide-derived baseline. For Carb-NZSP, the secondary glassy phosphate phase is agglomerated, while for baseline, it is dispersed and percolated. Electrochemical testing combined with post-mortem analysis demonstrates how microstructural control of secondary phases is critical for dendrite suppression: Carb-NZSP critical current density (CCD) is 3.1 ± 0.8 mA cm −2 at 0.1 mAh cm −2 , versus 1.0 ± 0.7 mA cm −2 at 0.1 mAh cm −2 . Cryogenic focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) analysis demonstrates that in both materials, the porous 2D sheet-like sodium metal dendrites propagate around and subsume NZSP grains, likely following a path enriched with glassy phase and with porosity. Dendrites also flow around isolated zirconia particles. Phase field simulation reveals deflection of dendrites by mechanically tough zirconia, while brittle glassy phase accelerates dendrite growth, especially when finely distributed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

GrainPaint: A multi-scale diffusion-based generative model for microstructure reconstruction of large-scale objects

Simulation-based approaches to microstructure generation can suffer from a variety of limitations, such as high memory usage, long computational times, and difficulties in generating complex geometries. Generative machine learning models present a way around these issues, but they have previously been limited by the fixed size of their generation area. Here, we present a new microstructure generation methodology leveraging advances in inpainting using denoising diffusion models to overcome this generation area limitation. We show that microstructures generated with the presented methodology are statistically similar to grain structures generated with a kinetic Monte Carlo simulator, SPPARKS.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Microstructure-sensitive mechanical behavior of an additively manufactured psuedoelastic shape memory alloy

The additive manufacturing of shape memory alloys into complex geometries enables fabrication of advanced functional systems across a variety of fields and domains. This work presents results focused on the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured shape memory pseudoelastic NiTi. The deformation induced solid state phase transformation from austenite to martensite allows this system to accommodate large recoverable strains. This deformation behavior is fundamentally driven by crystal-scale transformation physics. Laser powder bed fusion processing reveals that the resulting microstructure, both grain morphology and crystallographic texture, is strongly dependent on the manufacturing processing history. Exhaustive mechanical testing demonstrates that these microstructural factors strongly impact both tensile and cyclic stress–strain behavior. Cyclic dissipative behavior, however, is similar across all tested microstructures following an initial transient period. Remarkably, analysis of spatial strain fields during tensile loading reveals two distinctly different localization “modes”. The first is initiation of localized deformation bands which continuously propagate through the tensile bar during loading. In the second mode localization is observed but lacks propagation; instead additional localization cites nucleate during subsequent loading. The latter phenomena is suspected to be driven by grain-scale deformation physics as the localized band morphologies coincide with grain morphologies. These phenomena strongly impact the resulting aggregate stress–strain behavior. Hence, manufacturers and designers of psuedoelastic functional components must at the very least consider the potential variability in properties when considering additive manufacturing processing. More ideally the process–structure–property relations can be used to further tailor and optimize final functional performance.

Additive manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Part-scale microstructure prediction for laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V using a hybrid mechanistic and machine learning model

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Ti-6Al-4V is widely studied for use in structural applications in aerospace and medical industries, but mechanical anisotropy and microstructural inhomogeneity prohibits its wider adoption. Although successful microstructure prediction models have been developed, a remaining challenge is their limited integration across length/time scales and validation by experimental studies. Here, this work proposes a physics-augmented machine learning surrogate model to unite predictions of LPBF temperature, β phase morphology and texture, and α/α’ formation into a single framework that is calibrated and validated with experiments. First, a phase field (PF) model of the martensitic β→α’ transformation is developed and calibrated using data from in-situ synchrotron cyclic heating/cooling studies quantifying the variation of α phase fraction with time. In parallel, an established finite difference-Monte Carlo (FDMC) model predicts the part-scale temperature profile and β grain formation during solidification. A dataset is developed using LPBF cyclic temperature descriptors from the FDMC model as inputs and corresponding α/α’ phase fraction and width from the PF model as outputs. Five machine learning (ML) regression models are tested and optimized, having mean absolute error in testing ≤ 4 %, and the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) model is selected as the best performing. The KNN model is called at the nodal level during post-processing of the FDMC model to replace and downscale the response of the PF model. The combined agility and accuracy of the hybrid FDMC-ML model enables part-scale microstructure predictions that can be further used for property predictions to accelerate AM process optimization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of laser melt schedule on the microstructure of additively manufactured IN718 Superalloy

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has enabled the fabrication of geometrically complex metallic structures and components that are challenging to producing using conventional manufacturing approaches. The site-specific and far from equilibrium thermal conditions of L-PBF offer the potential to facilitate multi-length scale design of structure and properties across the atomic-through macro-levels. However, L-PBF systems face scalability challenges due to throughput constraints. Laser rotary powder bed fusion (L-RPBF) systems are being investigated as a solution to enhance the deposition rates compared to conventional L-PBF. Rotary systems also offer additional flexibility for controlling the time structure of melting through laser interleaving on alternating layers. Here, in this study, IN718 test samples were printed using single-laser or interleaved dual-laser configuration in a L-RPBF system to investigates the effect of process settings and melt-interleaving on as-fabricated microstructure. The microstructural evolution, such as grain size and crystallographic texture, was assessed by determining variations in the melt-pool shapes. Laser interleaving leads to a reduction in average grain size compared to single laser by ∼ 40 % at high power (400 W) and by ∼36 % at medium power (370 W). Results presented here identify key challenge for obtaining uniform microstructures and barriers for the broader adoption of high-deposition rate L-RPBF.

Dual-laser↗
DOE OSTI2026

Microstructure prediction for Ti-22Al-25Nb in laser powder bed fusion

This work presents a physics-informed framework for predicting solidification morphology and defect susceptibility in additively manufactured Ti–22Al–25Nb across a broad processing space. The framework integrates solidification microstructure selection (SMS) analysis with a single-track defect-based printability map to establish a unified methodology linking processing parameters to both interfacial morphology and manufacturability. Thermal gradients G and solidification rates R are first computed using the Thermo-Calc Additive Manufacturing (TC-AM) module, a finite-interface-dissipation (FID) phase-field (PF) model coupled with CALPHAD method is then employed to systematically distinguish planar and dendritic regimes as functions of $G$ and $R$. By superimposing the printability map onto the morphology projections, a comprehensive process–structure framework is obtained. Across most processing conditions, the predicted microstructure is predominantly dendritic, while planar growth emerges only under selected laser power $P$ and scan speed $v$ combinations. In addition to morphology classification, the framework quantifies the dendritic area fraction and introduces a width-based morphology descriptor to characterize the spatial extent of planar/dendritic regions within the melt pool. It provides mechanistic insight into the interplay between solidification physics and defect formation, offering practical guidance for parameter selection and microstructural control in Ti–22Al–25Nb additive manufacturing (AM).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Gas tungsten arc welding and post weld heat treatment effects on microstructure and mechanical property of castable nanostructured alloy steel

Here, this paper details the first study of castable nanostructured alloy (CNA) steel gas tungsten arc weldability and the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) effects. Effects of welding heat input, thermal cycles, and PWHT on microstructures, microhardness distributions, room temperature tensile properties, and fracture characteristics are discussed. Results show that CNA steel exhibits excellent weldability (i.e., no indication of welding defects and reasonable tensile properties). The welded joint exhibited heterogeneous microstructures with δ-ferrite as well as large microhardness variation and fluctuation. The welded joint yield and ultimate tensile strengths were similar to those of the base metal, but the elongations decreased by 30 %. However, with normalization and tempering PWHT, the δ-ferrite was eliminated, microstructure was modified, hardness was unified, and joint ductility was restored. The study indicated that the CNA reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel owns excellent weldability, and PWHT is needed for the industrial application of welded structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Microstructural and material property changes in severely deformed Eurofer-97

Severe plastic deformation changes the microstructure and properties of steels, which may be favourable for their use in structural components of nuclear reactors. In this study, high-pressure torsion (HPT) was used to refine the grain structure of Eurofer-97, a ferritic/martensitic steel. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise the microstructural changes. Following HPT at room temperature to a maximum shear strain of 230, the average grain size reduced by a factor of ~30, with a marked increase in high-angle grain boundaries. Dislocation density also increased by more than one order of magnitude. The thermal stability of the deformed material was investigated via in-situ annealing during synchrotron X-ray diffraction. This revealed substantial recovery between 450 K – 800 K. Irradiation with 20 MeV Fe-ions to ~0.1 dpa caused a 20% reduction in dislocation density compared to the as-deformed material. However, HPT deformation prior to irradiation only had a minor effect in mitigating the irradiation-induced reductions in thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave velocity of the material. Microstructural and material property changes are dominated by deformation compared to irradiation. In light of this, the benefits of using HPT to improve the irradiation resistance of Eurofer-97 are limited. These results provide a multi-faceted view of the changes in ferritic/martensitic steels due to severe plastic deformation, and how these changes can be used to alter material properties.

ion-irradiation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Influence of high-strain-rate compression and subsequent heat treatment on (TiNbZr) 89 (AlTa) 11 refractory high-entropy alloys: Dynamic-mechanical behavior and microstructural changes

This study explored the dynamic-mechanical behavior of a novel low-density (TiNbZr) 89 (AlTa) 11 refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) across strain rates ranging from 1.0×10 3 to 3.5×10 3 s –1 . A significant increase in the yield and ultimate compressive strengths with rising strain rates up to 3.0×10 3 s –1 was observed and attributed to enhanced dislocation activities and stress-induced microstructural transformations. The formation of the B2 phase and Zr 5 Al 3 precipitates was found to be crucial in bolstering the alloy strength at high strain rates. Beyond strain rates of 3.0×10 3 s –1 , a decrease in strength occurred due to thermal softening and strain localization. Microstructural analyses at 3.5×10 3 s –1 revealed grain refinement, the development of micro shear bands, and dislocation tangles, which were indicative of dynamic recrystallization. Besides, the findings also revealed that the post-dynamic compression heat treatment further enhanced the hardness and microstructural stability of the alloy. These results highlight the potential of the (TiNbZr) 89 (AlTa) 11 RHEA for applications requiring materials with high strength-to-weight ratios, particularly in dynamically loaded environments. It is expected that the results of this study will further advance our fundamental understanding of the behavior of RHEAs under extreme conditions, thereby opening new avenues for material innovation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Microstructural evolution and phase stability in Nb-containing interstitial Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-C high-entropy alloys: An in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study during laser melting

The influence of Nb on phase stability and microstructural evolution in an interstitial Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-C high-entropy alloy was investigated using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) during laser melting. Scheil-Gulliver simulations predict the formation of σ and γ-f.c.c. phases in all three alloys, along with NbC in Nb-containing compositions. SXRD confirmed the presence of most predicted phases, but the σ phase was absent. Nb promotes crystallite refinement and increases dislocation density, though excessive additions reduce refinement efficiency due to solubility limits and secondary phase formation. Furthermore, Nb addition also enhances ε-h.c.p. phase formation by reducing stacking fault energy through NbC-induced carbon depletion. Analysis of intensity peak evolution reveals that Nb alters preferred grain orientations, reducing {111} γ intensity while enhancing {220} γ , leading to a more isotropic grain distribution. Overall, Nb plays a key role in phase selection, microstructure refinement, and preferred orientation evolution, allowing the tailored microstructure of high-entropy alloys via rapid solidification.

Interstitial high entropy alloys↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of MgO additives on microstructure and properties of thin LLZO electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries

To realize high-energy density lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO)-based solid-state batteries (SSB), LLZO electrolytes should be fabricated with low thickness and high mechanical strength. An effective strategy for strengthening ceramic materials is to use additives. Here, we employed MgO nanopowders and fibers as additives for the thin LLZO electrolyte in order to improve the mechanical strength. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties are characterized to investigate the effects of adding MgO and sintering time. The MgO remains at grain boundaries after sintering, making the microstructure of LLZO fine and uniform. The mechanical strength of the MgO-added LLZO was enhanced by more than 60% while maintaining high ionic conductivity (1 × 10 -4 S cm -1 ) at room temperature. Li symmetric cells using the MgO fiber–LLZO and MgO powder–LLZO exhibit 2 and 3 times higher critical current density (CCD) than those of pure LLZO, and a solid-state full cell exhibits stable cycling performance. Further, these results demonstrate that the use of MgO nanopowder or fiber as an additive for thin LLZO is beneficial for high-current density cycling, by improving mechanical properties and microstructure.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2018

Impact of Powder Variability on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Selective Laser Melted Alloy 718

Powder-bed additive manufacturing processes use fine powders to build parts layer-by-layer. Alloy 718 powder feedstocks for selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing are produced commercially by both gas and rotary atomization and are available typically in the 10-45 or 15-45 microns size ranges. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to understand the impact of powder variability on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of SLM 718 heat treated to Aerospace Material Specification (AMS) 5664. This study included sixteen virgin powders and three once-recycled powders within the 10-45 and 15-45 microns size ranges that were obtained from seven direct source suppliers and one reseller. Although alike as highly regular spheroids, these powders showed distinct differences in composition (especially Al, C and N contents), particle size distributions, and powder features such as degree of agglomeration, fusion and surface roughness. Compositional differences expectedly had the strongest impact on microstructure. High N and C contents formed TiN-nitrides and/or (Nb,Ti,Mo)-C carbides on the grain boundaries, prevented recrystallization during heat treatment, and resulted in retained (001)-scalloped shaped grains that ranged from 19 to 41 microns in average size. In the absence of this particle pinning, the average grain size of the heat treated SLM 718 ranged from 51 microns to 90 microns. Room temperature tensile and high cycle fatigue (HCF) testing compared as-fabricated (AF) and low stress ground (LSG) surface conditions. Tensile testing revealed consistent behavior between the two surface conditions and amongst the powder lots. The finer grained SLM 718 builds displayed the lowest tensile properties. A SLM 718 build fabricated from a powder with eight times lower C content showed statistically better tensile properties presumably due to enhanced coarsening of (delta)-Ni3Nb precipitates. The specimens from once-recycled powders had slightly higher tensile strengths and slightly higher ductility compared to their virgin equivalents; once-recycling also did not substantially degrade the mean HCF life. The LSG fatigue lives agreed with conventionally manufactured 718 data, while AF lives exhibited a knock-down due to surface roughness. The fatigue lives of AF specimens were statistically equivalent across powder lots except for one and failures typically initiated at stress concentrators associated with SLM surface asperities. Fatigue testing of low stress ground specimens result in both transgranular and within facet crack initiations. More than half of the cracks initiated from these facets for the machined condition; however, these facets appeared to be within grains that were larger-than-average in size. A nitrogen-atomized powder with fine prior particles of TiN-nitrides and M(Ti,Nb,Mo)C carbides from atomization on powder surfaces resulted in the best fatigue performance with segregation of these particles to the SLM 718 grain boundaries leading to higher resistance to early-stage crack propagation. Typically the fine-grained builds with minor phases along the grain boundaries did not perform well in fatigue, whereas a larger-grain build with lower carbon content and coarser delta-Ni3Nb precipitates showed the next best HCF response. Further details of the build microstructure and its impact on tensile and fatigue behavior was considered.

laser deposition↗