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At least 181 records · Page 10

Cooldown Strategy for Cryogenic Wind Tunnels

Criteria substantiated by experimental and real-time simulation data ensure optimal utlization of liquid nitrogen injected for cooling a 0.3-m transonic cryogenic tunnel (TCT). Research includes simulated cooldowns using procedures normally employed by each of several TCT operators, simulated cooldowns at constant mach number, simulated cooldowns at various constant fan speeds and cooldowns at constant metal-to-gas temperature differences.

Thibodeaux, J. J.↗

Aerodynamic-wave break-up of liquid sheets in swirling airflows and combustor modules

Experimental mean drop diameter data were obtained for the atomization of liquid sheets injected axially downstream in high velocity swirling and nonswirling airflow. Conventional simplex pressure atomizing fuel nozzles and splash type fuel injectors were studied under simulated combustor inlet airflow conditions. A general empirical expression relating recirprocal mean drop diameter to airstream mass velocity was obtained and is presented. The finest degree of atomization, i.e., the highest value of the coefficient C, was obtained with swirl can combustor modules (C = 15) as compared with pressure atomizing nozzles (C = 12).

Ingebo, R.↗

Development of a distributed-parameter mathematical model for simulation of cryogenic wind tunnels

A one-dimensional distributed-parameter dynamic model of a cryogenic wind tunnel was developed which accounts for internal and external heat transfer, viscous momentum losses, and slotted-test-section dynamics. Boundary conditions imposed by liquid-nitrogen injection, gas venting, and the tunnel fan were included. A time-dependent numerical solution to the resultant set of partial differential equations was obtained on a CDC CYBER 203 vector-processing digital computer at a usable computational rate. Preliminary computational studies were performed by using parameters of the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Studies were performed by using parameters from the National Transonic Facility (NTF). The NTF wind-tunnel model was used in the design of control loops for Mach number, total temperature, and total pressure and for determining interactions between the control loops. It was employed in the application of optimal linear-regulator theory and eigenvalue-placement techniques to develop Mach number control laws.

Tripp, J. S.↗

Cryogenic wind tunnels for high Reynolds number testing

The present investigation has the objective to provide an overview of the development of cryogenic wind tunnels and their application to high Reynolds number testing. The current need for wind tunnels reflects the fact that many complex three-dimensional flows cannot yet be adequately dealt with analytically. Imperfections of wind tunnels are partly related to the fact that for most wind tunnel tests the Reynolds number is much too low. The best solution to this problem appears to be an operation of the tunnel at cryogenic temperatures (arbitrarily defined as temperatures of 150 K or less. In addition to decreasing the temperature, there are three other approaches for increasing the Reynolds number. These approaches include the use of a heavy gas, an increase in the model size, and an increase in pressure. Attention is given to the variable density tunnel concept, problems with high dynamic pressures, low-speed cryogenic tunnel results, transonic cryogenic tunnel tests, and the injection of liquid nitrogen into the tunnel.

Kilgore, R. A.↗

Aerodynamic-wave break-up of liquid sheets in swirling airflows and combustor modules

Experimental mean drop diameter data were obtained for the atomization of liquid sheets injected axially downstream in high velocity swirling and nonswirling airflow. Conventional simplex pressure atomizing fuel nozzles and splash type fuel injectors were studied under simulated combustor inlet airflow conditions. A general empirical expression relating reciprocal mean drop diameter to airstream mass velocity was obtained and is presented. The finest degree of atomization, i.e., the highest value of the coefficient C, was obtained with swirl can combustor modules (C = 15) as compared with pressure atomizing nozzles (C = 12). Previously announced in STAR as N83-23545

Ingebo, R.↗

Aerodynamic effect of combustor inlet-air pressure on fuel jet atomization

Mean drop diameters were measured with a recently developed scanning radiometer in a study of the atomization of liquid jets injected cross stream in high velocity and high pressure airflows. At constant inlet air pressure, reciprocal mean drop diameter, was correlated with airflow mass velocity. Over a combustor inlet-air pressure range of 1 to 21 atmospheres, the ratio of orifice to mean drop diameter, D(O)/D(M), was correlated with the product of Weber and Reynolds number, WeRe, and with the molecular scale momentum transfer ratio of gravitational to inertial forces.

Ingebo, R. D.↗

Aerodynamic effect of combustor inlet-air pressure on fuel jet atomization

Mean drop diameters were measured with a recently developed scanning radiometer in a study of the atomization of liquid jets injected cross stream in high velocity and high pressure airflows. At constant inlet air pressure, reciprocal mean drop diameter was correlated with airflow mass velocity. Over a combustor inlet-air pressure range of 1 to 21 atmospheres, the ratio of orifice to mean drop diameter, D(O)/D(M), was correlated with the product of Weber and Reynolds number, WeRe, and with the molecular scale momentum transfer ratio of gravitational to inertial forces. Previously announced in STAR as N84-22910

Ingebo, R. D.↗

Repairing Foam Insulation

Large holes in polyurethane foam insulation repaired reliably by simple method. Little skill needed to apply method, used for overhead repairs as well as for those in other orientations. Plug positioned in hole to be filled and held in place with mounting fixture. Fresh liquid foam injected through plug to bond it in place. As foam cures and expands, it displaces plug outward. Protrusion later removed.

Corbin, J.↗

Problems associated with operations and measurement in cryogenic wind tunnels

Cryogenic wind tunnel T'3 under continuous blower operation has been the object of improvements and the installation of auxiliary equipment, dealing in particular with the enlargement of the liquid nitrogen injection reservoir and the hook-up to a fast data acquisition system. Following a brief description of the installation and its functioning, we present the main experimental techniques and the instrumentation used in the cryogenic environment.

Blanchard, A.↗

Model Of Turbulent Gas Eddies Containing Drops

Report proposes development of mathematical model of turbulent eddy of gas containing drops of liquid fuel. Closely related to those described in "Turbulence and Evaporation in Clusters of Drops" (NPO-17323) and "Effects of Turbulence on Ignition" (NPO-17335). Goal to initiate development of theory of interactions of several eddies containing drops during evaporation, ignition, and combustion of liquid fuels injected into combustors. Numerical results of analysis given as plot of nondimensionalized evaporation time versus initial ratio of air mass to fuel mass.

Bellan, Josette↗

Transient heat transfer from shrinking LOX-drop

In order to achieve prescribed experimental conditions in wind tunnels, the nitrogen-oxygen mixture is enriched by injection of liquid oxygen (LOX) upstream of methane burners. The objective of the study is to determine the LOX drop evaporation rate, which is dominated by heat transfer from the air stream (mass transfer mechanism can be later coupled with the solution from the present work). Since the concentration of drops in the surrounding gas is quite high, the concept of infinite medium cannot be utilized. Drop evaporation, as part of system's mass balance, is an important source-term in the finite-difference 2/3-dimensional network terms of laboratory-system (Eulerian) coordinates, while individual drop behavior, including its thermal history, is analyzed in Lagrangian coordinates.

Kondic, Nenad N.↗

The liquid fuel jet in subsonic crossflow

An analytical/numerical model is described which predicts the behavior of nonreacting and reacting liquid jets injected transversely into subsonic cross flow. The compressible flowfield about the elliptical jet cross section is solved at various locations along the jet trajectory by analytical means for free-stream local Mach number perpendicular to jet cross section smaller than 0.3 and by numerical means for free-stream local Mach number perpendicular to jet cross section in the range 0.3-1.0. External and internal boundary layers along the jet cross section are solved by integral and numerical methods, and the mass losses due to boundary layer shedding, evaporation, and combustion are calculated and incorporated into the trajectory calculation. Comparison of predicted trajectories is made with limited experimental observations.

Nguyen, T. T.↗

Voice-Recognition System Records Inspection Data

Main Injector Voice Activated Record (MIVAR) system acts on vocal commands and processes spoken inspection data into electronic and printed inspection reports. Devised to improve acquisition and recording of data from borescope inspections of interiors of liquid-oxygen-injecting tubes on main engine of Space Shuttle. With modifications, system used in other situations to relieve inspectors of manual recording of data. Enhances flow of work and quality of data acquired by enabling inspector to remain visually focused on workpiece.

Rochester, Larry L.↗

Evaporation Of Clusters Of Drops In A Jet

Report presents theoretical study of evaporation of clusters of liquid drops injected with gas jet flowing into hot ambient gas. One in series of studies of various aspects of behavior of sprays. Simplified mathematical models used to extract qualitative information on trends in interactions.

Bellan, Josette↗

Analysis of Fluctuating Static Pressure Measurements in a Large High Reynolds Number Transonic Cryogenic Wind Tunnel

Dynamic measurements of fluctuating static pressure levels were made using flush mounted high frequency response pressure transducers at eleven locations in the circuit of the National Transonic Facility (NTF) over the complete operating range of this wind tunnel. Measurements were made at test section Mach numbers from 0.2 to 1.2, at pressure from 1 to 8.6 atmospheres and at temperatures from ambient to -250 F, resulting in dynamic flow disturbance measurements at the highest Reynolds numbers available in a transonic ground test facility. Tests were also made independently at variable Mach number, variable Reynolds number, and variable drivepower, each time keeping the other two variables constant thus allowing for the first time, a distinct separation of these three important variables. A description of the NTF emphasizing its flow quality features, details on the calibration of the instrumentation, results of measurements with the test section slots covered, downstream choke, effects of liquid nitrogen injection and gaseous nitrogen venting, comparisons between air and nitrogen, isolation of the effects of Mach number, Reynolds number, and fan drive power, and identification of the sources of significant flow disturbances is included. The results indicate that primary sources of flow disturbance in the NTF may be edge-tones generated by test section sidewall re-entry flaps and the venting of nitrogen gas from the return leg of the tunnel circuit between turns 3 and 4 in the cryogenic mode of operation. The tests to isolate the effects of Mach number, Reynolds number, and drive power indicate that Mach number effects predominate. A comparison with other transonic wind tunnels shows that the NTF has low levels of test section fluctuating static pressure especially in the high subsonic Mach number range from 0.7 to 0.9.

Igoe, William B.↗

Penetration of Liquid Jets into a High-velocity Air Stream

Data are presented showing the penetration characteristics of liquid jets directed approximately perpendicular to a high-velocity air stream for jet-nozzle-throat diameters from 0.0135 to 0.0625 inch, air stream densities from 0.0805 to 0.1365 pound per cubic foot, liquid jet velocities from 168.1 to 229.0 feet per second and a liquid jet density of approximately 62 pounds per cubic foot. The data were analyzed and a correlation was developed that permitted the determination of the penetration length of the liquid jet for any operation condition within the range of variables investigated.

TURBINES, GAS - LIQUID INJECTION↗

Stability of Pharmaceuticals in Space

Stability testing is a tool used to access shelf life and effects of storage conditions for pharmaceutical formulations. Early research from the International Space Station (ISS) revealed that some medications may have degraded while in space. This potential loss of medication efficacy would be very dangerous to Crew health. The aim of this research project, Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic Compounds, is to study how the stability of pharmaceutical compounds is affected by environmental conditions in space. Four identical pharmaceutical payload kits containing medications in different dosage forms (liquid for injection, tablet, capsule, ointment and suppository) were transported to the ISS aboard a Space Shuttle. One of the four kits was stored on that Shuttle and the other three were stored on the ISS for return to Earth at various time intervals aboard a pre-designated Shuttle flight. The Pharmacotherapeutics laboratory used stability test as defined by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), to access the degree of degradation to the Payload kit medications that may have occurred during space flight. Once these medications returned, the results of stability test performed on them were compared to those from the matching ground controls stored on Earth. Analyses of the results obtained from physical and chemical stability assessments on these payload medications will provide researchers additional tools to promote safe and efficacious medications for space exploration.

Nguyen, Y-Uyen↗

Boundary-Layer Detection at Cryogenic Conditions Using Temperature Sensitive Paint Coupled with a Carbon Nanotube Heating Layer

Detection of flow transition on aircraft surfaces and models can be vital to the development of future vehicles and computational methods for evaluating vehicle concepts. In testing at ambient conditions, IR thermography is ideal for this measurement. However, for higher Reynolds number testing, cryogenic facilities are often used, in which IR thermography is difficult to employ. In these facilities, temperature sensitive paint is an alternative with a temperature step introduced to enhance the natural temperature change from transition. Traditional methods for inducing the temperature step by changing the liquid nitrogen injection rate often change the tunnel conditions. Recent work has shown that adding a layer consisting of carbon nanotubes to the surface can be used to impart a temperature step on the model surface with little change in the operating conditions. Unfortunately, this system physically degraded at 130 K and lost heating capability. This paper describes a modification of this technique enabling operation down to at least 77 K, well below the temperature reached in cryogenic facilities. This is possible because the CNT layer is in a polyurethane binder. This was tested on a Natural Laminar Flow model in a cryogenic facility and transition detection was successfully visualized at conditions from 200 K to 110 K. Results were also compared with the traditional temperature step method.

Goodman, Kyle Z.↗