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At least 181 records · Page 10

Generation of Low Fidelity Experimental Covariance Matrices for ICSBEP Cases

In validation, statistical methods routinely incorporate information from integral experiments to improve estimations of code biases and uncertainties. One source of high quality integral experiments is the ICSBEP Handbook. While uncertainties for criticality benchmarks are well characterized in the Handbook, information pertaining to the shared uncertainty/covariance between the cases is sparse, yet required for the aforementioned methods; correlations can result from using the same fuel for example. To remedy the lack of available covariance data in the Handbook, recent efforts have been undertaken, notably, within the framework of the NEA Expert Group on Uncertainty Analysis in Criticality Safety Assessment (UACSA) under the Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WPNCS) . The UACSA activities have focused primarily on comparing methods used to generate high quality covariance matrices for a small number of evaluations. Despite these efforts, within the Database for ICSBEP DICE only about 2% of the nearly 5000 experiments in the ICSBEP Handbook have correlation coefficients, so the amount of work required to generate the missing data appears daunting. And so, to fill in the gaps where no correlations are available, it is proposed to generate low fidelity correlations by isolating the largest components of uncertainty and determining the fraction shared between cases within an evaluation. Uncertainties can be shared when they are not independently measured, or the source of uncertainty is unchanged between cases. The degree to which an uncertainty is shared is linked to the experimental procedure; an approximation is made that in the absence of additional information, similar experimental procedures will lead to a similar fraction of shared uncertainty. Between experimental procedures there is some commonality. One method, proposed here, to help elucidate similar procedures is to encode each procedure into a decision tree grouped by uncertainty type. End nodes of the tree require judgment to assign the fraction of shared uncertainty between cases associated with the node. This can also be thought of as a set of rules, such that if experimental procedures and conditions occurred, then assign the shared uncertainty as some number between 0.0 and 1.0. One advantage of such a procedure is the formation of a transparent logical link between the judgment applied and the amount of shared uncertainty. This makes the results both more reproducible and easy to update. Generating correlation coefficients is reduced to developing decision trees that categorize how the experiments were done, and apply judgment of the degree of shared uncertainty for the end node of the tree. Trees need to be constructed after reading section 1 and 2 of the evaluation and some evaluations certainly do not contain enough information to create informative decision trees nor to assign an amount of shared uncertainty. These evaluations will not be considered here. (authors)

42 ENGINEERING↗

Rossi-alpha Analysis of CURIE Experiment

Critical assembly measurement and operations are crucial to the development of benchmark data to support research into criticality safety, radiation-detection development, and the overall application of nuclear technologies. Accurate nuclear data are needed for accurate predictive simulations, and validation using critical experiments is an important part of the nuclear data pipeline. The accuracy of nuclear data are improved using more robust and targeted measurements. In particular, the intermediate energy range of uranium is of great interest. LANL has successfully performed the Zeus series of experiments on the Comet assembly to investigate the intermediate energy range for HEU with various moderators. A successor to these experiments is the benchmark for the Critical Unresolved Region Integral Experiment (CURIE), designed to be sensitive to the unresolved resonance region (URR). This experiment is designed using polytetrafluoroethylene, more commonly known as Teflon, moderators. The CURIE experiment was successfully conducted at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC). The Rossi-alpha method was used to evaluate the propensity of the CURIE configurations to sustain fission chains by estimating the prompt neutron decay constant α. This work evaluates the α at delayed critical using Rossi-alpha for different Teflon moderator thicknesses in the CURIE experiment. These results will help improve understanding of the CURIE benchmark experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Integrated imaging experiment with C-SAR and other geological image data across the Nelson Front, Northern Manitoba

This paper presents preliminary results from the integration of geophysical and geological data sets using Bayesian statistical analysis with the purpose of mapping the Churchill-Superior Boundary zone. In the Wabowden area the contribution of each rock type to the aeromagnetic anomaly is judged by convolving the aeromagnetic anomaly value with the average magnetic susceptibility. The 'a posteriori' probabilities of significant patterns in the new data are then computed. The highest 'a posteriori' probability occurs along a narrow corridor whose trend coincides remarkably with the location of the Churchill-Superior Boundary Zone. In the Wekusko Lake area, C-SAR and TM data were integrated using an image analysis system. Here the emphasis is on mapping of geological structures.

Rao, G. S. K.↗

Spacelab Life Sciences flight experiments: an integrated approach to the study of cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic hypotension

The microgravity environment of spaceflight produces rapid cardiovascular changes which are adaptive and appropriate in that setting, but are associated with significant deconditioning and orthostatic hypotension on return to Earth's gravity. The rapidity with which these space flight induced changes appear and disappear provides an ideal model for studying the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of deconditioning and orthostatic hypotension, regardless of etiology. Since significant deconditioning is seen after flights of very short duration, muscle atrophy due to inactivity plays, at most, a small role. These changes in circulatory control associated with cephalad fluid shifts, rather than inactivity per se, are probably more important factors. In order to test this hypothesis in a systematic way, a multidisciplinary approach which defines and integrates inputs and responses from a wide variety of circulatory sub-systems is required. The cardiovascular experiments selected for Spacelab Life Sciences flights 1 and 2 provide such an approach. Both human and animal models will be utilized. Pre- and post-flight characterization of the payload crew includes determination of maximal exercise capacity (bicycle ergometry), orthostatic tolerance (lower body negative pressure), alpha and beta adrenergic sensitivity (isoproterenol and phenylephrine infusions), baroreflex sensitivity (ECG-gated, stepwise changes in carotid artery transmural pressure with a pneumatic neck collar), and responses to a 24 h period of 5 deg head-down tilt. Measurements of cardiac output (CO2 and C2H2 rebreathing), cardiac chamber dimensions (phased-array 2-dimensional echocardiography), direct central venous pressure, leg volume (Thornton sock), limb blood flow and venous compliance (occlusion plethysmography), blood and plasma volumes, renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rates, and various hormonal levels including catecholamines and atrial natriuretic factor will also be obtained. The central venous catheter will be inserted immediately pre-launch and monitored with heart rate and blood pressure in-flight until cardiac output, respiratory gas exchange and quantitative 2D echocardiography measurements can be performed. In-flight hemodynamic measurements will be repeated at rest and during submaximal exercise daily and also during maximal exercise midway through the flight to document the timecourse and extent of cardiovascular changes in the payload crew. Parallel studies are planned for the animals. In addition to measurements of right atrial and aortic pressures and cardiac output, a dorsal micro-circulatory chamber will allow determinations of changes in capillary and venular architecture and function in six of the rats. The techniques and findings from many of the SLS-1 and 2 supporting studies have already yielded significant information about circulatory regulation in patients with both hypo- and hypertension. The flight experiments themselves will provide new data to test the validity of both animal and human models currently used for simulating the fluid shifts of a micro-gravity environment. The development of effective countermeasures, not only for short and long duration space travellers, but also for Earth-bound medical patients can then be physiologically based on experimental data rather than anecdote.

Non-NASA Center↗

On the tuning of electrical and thermal transport in thermoelectrics: an integrated theory–experiment perspective

During the last two decades, we have witnessed great progress in research on thermoelectrics. There are two primary focuses. One is the fundamental understanding of electrical and thermal transport, enabled by the interplay of theory and experiment; the other is the substantial enhancement of the performance of various thermoelectric materials, through synergistic optimisation of those intercorrelated transport parameters. In this article, we review some of the successful strategies for tuning electrical and thermal transport. For electrical transport, we start from the classical but still very active strategy of tuning band degeneracy (or band convergence), then discuss the engineering of carrier scattering, and finally address the concept of conduction channels and conductive networks that emerge in complex thermoelectric materials. For thermal transport, we summarise the approaches for studying thermal transport based on phonon–phonon interactions valid for conventional solids, as well as some quantitative efforts for nanostructures. We also discuss the thermal transport in complex materials with chemical-bond hierarchy, in which a portion of the atoms (or subunits) are weakly bonded to the rest of the structure, leading to an intrinsic manifestation of part-crystalline part-liquid state at elevated temperatures. In this review, we provide a summary of achievements made in recent studies of thermoelectric transport properties, and demonstrate how they have led to improvements in thermoelectric performance by the integration of modern theory and experiment, and point out some challenges and possible directions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Differential and Integral Data Evaluation for Titanium: An Application to Criticality Safety

The intent of this work is to highlight the role of differential and integral data evaluation to address issues in connection with criticality safety applications. Demonstration is made by using, as an example, differential data measurements and evaluation, and the benchmark integral experiments for titanium. Energy differential data are measured analyzed and evaluated to produce nuclear data libraries for criticality safety applications. Alternatively, integral experiments are performed at critical facilities, small experimental reactors, and play an important part in the validation of the differential nuclear data. The demonstration provided here for titanium gives its importance to criticality safety. Titanium is an effective neutron absorber that serves as baseline material for chemical separation in high-activity waste solutions in US. Titanium has not been considered for use in nuclear applications such as reactor design and analysis. Rather, it appears as a structural material that may be present in fuel cycle facilities or canisters for transport and disposition of nuclear waste. Criticality safety evaluations of systems in which titanium is present require an understanding of the nuclear data and its uncertainty.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Probing the deep nonlinear stage of the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability in indirect drive experiments on the National Ignition Facility

Academic tests in physical regimes not encountered in Inertial Confinement Fusion will help to build a better understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities and constitute the scientifically grounded validation complementary to fully integrated experiments. Under the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Discovery Science program, recent indirect drive experiments have been carried out to study the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability (RTI) in transition from weakly nonlinear to highly nonlinear regime [A. Casner et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 082708 (2012)]. In these experiments, a modulated package is accelerated by a 175 eV radiative temperature plateau created by a room temperature gas-filled platform irradiated by 60 NIF laser beams. The unique capabilities of the NIF are harnessed to accelerate this planar sample over much larger distances (≃1.4 mm) and longer time periods (≃12 ns) than previously achieved. This extended acceleration could eventually allow entering into a turbulent-like regime not precluded by the theory for the RTI at the ablation front. Simultaneous measurements of the foil trajectory and the subsequent RTI growth are performed and compared with radiative hydrodynamics simulations. We present RTI growth measurements for two-dimensional single-mode and broadband multimode modulations. The dependence of RTI growth on initial conditions and ablative stabilization is emphasized, and we demonstrate for the first time in indirect-drive a bubble-competition, bubble-merger regime for the RTI at ablation front.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Thermal integration of Spacelab experiments

The method of thermally integrating the experiments for Spacelab is discussed. The scientific payload consists of a combination of European and United States sponsored experiments located in the module as well as on a single Spacelab pallet. The thermal integration must result in accomodating the individual experiment requirements as well as ensuring that the total payload is within the Spacelab Environmental Control System (ECS) resource capability. An integrated thermal/ECS analysis of the module and pallet is performed in concert with the mission timeline to ensure that the agreed upon experiment requirements are accommodated and to ensure the total payload is within the Spacelab ECS resources.

Patterson, W. C.↗

Low Yield Nuclear Monitoring Physics Experiment 1 – Integrated Data Acquisition System Design and Initial Observations

The report documents the design of the Integrated Data AcQuisition (IDAQ) system and observations recorded during the first in a series of underground chemical explosions conducted on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in southern Nevada. Experiments are funded as part of Low Yield Nuclear Monitoring (LYNM) research and development within the United States National Nuclear Security Administration NA-22 nuclear non-proliferation program. The series is part of the broader Physical Experiment 1 (PE1) being conducted in and around the P-tunnel facility on the NNSS. Each explosive experiment utilizes several tons of comp-B to generate signals recorded by a broad suite of instrumentation. The IDAQ serves as the backbone for all subsurface instrumentation providing precise time synchronization, remote control, data exfiltration and backup, along with recording several sensing modalities throughout the underground complex that includes ground motion, environmental conditions, and electromagnetic signals.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

High-Fidelity Modeling of Fuel-To-Coolant Thermomechanical Transport Behaviors Under Transient Conditions

This report summarizes the work completed under NEUP project number 21-24006. The objectives of this project are to advance the high-fidelity modeling capabilities and important phenomena that is important for high-burnup UO 2 and accident tolerant fuels (ATF) during transient conditions. Accurate modeling of the time-dependent phenomena that impact material performance must be used to determine the figures of merit and safety margin. Phenomena such as fuel fragmentation, cladding oxidation, pellet-clad interaction, clad ballooning, and clad rupture are examples that pose challenges to modeling during these transients. This project focused on the development of high-fidelity tightly coupled multiphysics models that can capture the time-dependent material response and associated thermal hydraulic conditions during these events. These models can then be validated against existing separate effects tests and in-pile integral experiments and will be used to model Transient Reactor Test facility (TREAT) loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCA) experiments. To achieve the project objective, we used a combination of NEAMS and NRC codes to model various LOCA test sets for the separate effects and in-pile integral experiments. BlueCRAB tool set, which can accurately predict material response at a sub-fuel pin level, as well as modeling the entire reactor system response to these events. Fuel performance was modeled using BISON (various versions) and FAST (version 1.2.1). BISON and FAST can model on a sub-fuel pin level the fuel performance under transient conditions. Both have simplified thermal hydraulic models that are capable of providing basic coolant boundary conditions. To better capture the thermomechanical interaction between the fuel, clad, and coolant, more sophisticated thermal hydraulic models are necessary.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

EUCLID Sensitivity Database

This report documents the EUCLID sensitivity database along with its several use-cases. EUCLID computed sensitivities for the following integral responses: Criticality of ICSBEP critical assemblies, LLNL pulsed-sphere neutron-leakage spectra, reaction rates in selected ICBSEP critical assemblies, delayed neutron factions of selected ICSBEP critical assemblies, reactivity coefficients in two ICSBEP critical assemblies, sub-critical assembly responses and Rossi-alpha of selected critical assemblies. It is described for each response what the reported observable constitutes, the method we used to obtain the sensitivities, and which integral experiments were studied. It is also documented briefly in what format these sensitivities are stored. These sensitivities were used for many aspects of the EUCLID project, like ML-supported large-scale nuclear-data validation, or optimization of integral experiments. But these sensitivities can also be applied for more established processes in the nuclear-data application field such as adjustment or assessing the upper sub-critical limit.

Delayed Neutron Fraction↗

Validation Study for Crediting Chlorine in Criticality Analyses for US Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposition

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) management practices in the United States rely on dry storage systems that include both canister- and cask-based systems. The United States Department of Energy Used Fuel Disposition Campaign is examining the feasibility of direct disposal of dual-purpose (storage and transportation) canisters (DPCs) in a geological repository. One of the major technical challenges for direct disposal is the ability to demonstrate the subcriticality of the DPCs loaded with SNF for the repository performance period (e.g., 10,000 years or more) as the DPCs may undergo degradation over time. Specifically, groundwater ingress into the DPC (i.e., flooding) could allow the system to achieve criticality in scenarios where the neutron absorber plates in the DPC basket have degraded. However, as was shown by Banerjee et al., some aqueous species in the groundwater provide noticeable reactivity reduction for these systems. For certain amounts of particular aqueous species (e.g., chlorine, lithium) in the groundwater, subcriticality can be demonstrated even for DPCs with complete degradation of the neutron absorber plates or a degraded fuel basket configuration. It has been demonstrated that chlorine is the leading impurity, as indicated by significant neutron absorption in the water that is available in reasonable quantities for the deep geological repository media under consideration. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the available integral experiments worldwide that could be used to validate DPC disposal criticality evaluations, including credit for chlorine. Due to the small number of applicable critical configurations, validation through traditional trending analysis was not possible. The bias in the eigenvalue of the application systems due only to the chlorine was calculated using TSURFER analysis and found to be on the order of 100 percent mille (1 pcm = 10 -5 k eff ). This study investigated the design of a series of critical configurations with varying amounts of chlorine to address validation gaps. Such integral experiments would support the crediting of the chlorine neutron-absorption properties in groundwater and the demonstration of subcriticality for DPCs in deep geologic repositories with sufficient chlorine availability.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Validation Study for Crediting Chlorine in Criticality Analyses for Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposition

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) management practices in the United States rely on dry storage systems that include both canister- and cask-based systems. The United States Department of Energy Used Fuel Disposition Campaign is examining the feasibility of direct disposal of dual-purpose (storage and transportation) canisters (DPCs) in a geological repository. One of the major technical challenges for direct disposal is the ability to demonstrate the subcriticality of the DPCs loaded with SNF for the repository performance period (e.g., 10,000 years or more) as the DPCs may undergo degradation over time. Specifically, groundwater ingress into the DPC (i.e., flooding) could allow the system to achieve criticality in scenarios where the neutron absorber plates in the DPC basket have degraded. However, as was shown by Banerjee et al., some aqueous species in the groundwater provide noticeable reactivity reduction for these systems. For certain amounts of particular aqueous species (e.g., chlorine, lithium) in the groundwater, subcriticality can be demonstrated even for DPCs with complete degradation of the neutron absorber plates or a degraded fuel basket configuration. It has been demonstrated that chlorine is the leading impurity, as indicated by significant neutron absorption in the water that is available in reasonable quantities for the deep geological repository media under consideration. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the available integral experiments worldwide that could be used to validate DPC disposal criticality evaluations, including credit for chlorine. Due to the small number of applicable critical configurations, validation through traditional trending analysis was not possible. The bias in the eigenvalue of the application systems due only to the chlorine was calculated using TSURFER analysis and found to be on the order of 100 percent mille (1 pcm = 10 -5 k eff ). This study investigated the design of a series of critical configurations with varying amounts of chlorine to address validation gaps. Such integral experiments would support the crediting of the chlorine neutron-absorption properties in groundwater and the demonstration of subcriticality for DPCs in deep geologic repositories with sufficient chlorine availability.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Validation study for crediting chlorine in critically analyses for spent nuclear fuel disposition - 14428

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) management practices in the United States rely on dry storage systems that include both canister- and cask-based systems. The United States Department of Energy Used Fuel Disposition Campaign is examining the feasibility of direct disposal of dual-purpose (storage and transportation) canisters (DPCs) in a geological repository. One of the major technical challenges for direct disposal is the ability to demonstrate the subcriticality of the DPCs loaded with SNF for the repository performance period (e.g., 10,000 years or more) as the DPCs may undergo degradation over time. Specifically, groundwater ingress into the DPC (i.e., flooding) could allow the system to achieve criticality in scenarios where the neutron absorber plates in the DPC basket have degraded. However, as was shown by Banerjee et al., some aqueous species in the groundwater provide noticeable reactivity reduction for these systems. For certain amounts of particular aqueous species (e.g., chlorine, lithium) in the groundwater, subcriticality can be demonstrated even for DPCs with complete degradation of the neutron absorber plates or a degraded fuel basket configuration. It has been demonstrated that chlorine is the leading impurity, as indicated by significant neutron absorption in the water that is available in reasonable quantities for the deep geological repository media under consideration. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the available integral experiments worldwide that could be used to validate DPC disposal criticality evaluations, including credit for chlorine. Due to the small number of applicable critical configurations, validation through traditional trending analysis was not possible. The bias in the eigenvalue of the application systems due only to the chlorine was calculated using TSURFER analysis and found to be on the order of 100 percent mille (1 pcm = 10-5 k{sub eff}). This study investigated the design of a series of critical configurations with varying amounts of chlorine to address validation gaps. Such integral experiments would support the crediting of the chlorine neutron-absorption properties in groundwater and the demonstration of subcriticality for DPCs in deep geologic repositories with sufficient chlorine availability. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Food–Energy–Water Crises in the United States and China: Commonalities and Asynchronous Experiences Support Integration of Global Efforts

Food, energy, and water (FEW) systems have been recognized as an issue of critical global importance. Understanding the mechanisms that govern the FEW nexus is essential to develop solutions and avoid humanitarian crises of displacement, famine, and disease. The U.S. and China are the world’s leading economies. Although the two nations are shaped by fundamentally different political and economic systems, they share FEW trajectories in several complementary ways. These realities place the U.S. and China in unique positions to engage in problem definition, dialogue, actions, and transdisciplinary convergence of research to achieve productive solutions addressing FEW challenges. By comparing the nexus and functions of the FEW systems in the two nations, this perspective aims to facilitate collaborative innovations that reduce disciplinary silos, mitigate FEW challenges, and enhance environmental sustainability. Finally, the review of experiences and challenges facing the U.S. and China also offers valuable insights for other nations seeking to achieve sustainable development goals.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

New approaches to provide feedback from nuclear and covariance data adjustment for effective improvement of evaluated nuclear data files

A critical examination of the role of uncertainty assessment, target accuracies, role of integral experiment for validation and, consequently, of data adjustments methods is underway since several years at OECD-NEA, the objective being to provide criteria and practical approaches to use effectively the results of sensitivity analyses and cross section adjustments for feedback to evaluators and experimentalists in order to improve without ambiguities the knowledge of neutron cross sections, uncertainties, and correlations to be used in a wide range of applications and to meet new requirements and constraints for innovative reactor and fuel cycle system design. An approach will be described that expands as much as possible the use in the adjustment procedure of selected integral experiments that provide information on “elementary” phenomena, on separated individual physics effects related to specific isotopes or on specific energy ranges. An application to a large experimental data base has been performed and the results are discussed in the perspective of new evaluation projects like the CIELO initiative.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Evaluation of Neutron Reactions on Iron Isotopes for CIELO and ENDF/B-VIII.0

A new suite of evaluations for {sup 54,56,57,58}Fe has been developed in the framework of the CIELO international collaboration. New resolved resonance ranges were evaluated for {sup 54}Fe and {sup 57}Fe, while modifications were applied to resonances in {sup 56}Fe. The low energy part of the {sup 56}Fe file is almost totally based on measurements. At higher energies in {sup 56}Fe and in the whole fast neutron range for minor isotopes the evaluation consists of model predictions carefully adjusted to available experimental data. We also make use of the high quality and well experimentally-constrained dosimetry evaluations from the IRDFF library. Special attention was dedicated to the elastic angular distributions, which were found to affect results of the integral benchmarking. The new set of iron evaluations was developed in concert with other CIELO evaluations and they were tested together in the integral experiments before being adopted for the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗