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At least 181 records · Page 10

Time-delay-and-integration charge coupled devices /CCDs/ applied to the Thematic Mapper

The visible focal plane of the Thematic Mapper, the next generation sensor system for application to earth resource survey, uses complex hybrid assembly techniques to interface silicon photodiodes to JFET preamplifiers. This complexity can be ameliorated by the use of a 20-channel time-delay-and-integration (TDI) CCD with nine stages of integration per channel. By going to a CCD array operating in a TDI mode, over 700 individual op amps can be replaced with only 48 op amps. Smooth spectral response and 70% quantum efficiency have been provided by using doped tin oxide gates over the imaging region.

Thompson, L. L.↗

Complete viscous flowfield solutions about a blunt parabolic body in a supersonic stream

A hybrid computational technique which splits the flowfield into inviscid and viscous regions is used to investigate the complete flowfield about axisymmetric parabolic blunt bodies in a supersonic stream. The solutions are carried out on the CDC CYBER-203 computer which, with its extensive memory, allows for the use of a large number of finite-difference mesh points, allowing resolution of important flowfield features. A range of freestream Mach number of 2-5 and a range of Re number based on nose radius of 500-125,000 was run for a sonic corner body. Contour plots of density, pressure, and Mach number, velocity vector plots, and surface distributions of pressure, heat transfer, and shear stress are presented. Also, correlations of the downstream extent of the base recirculation region with Re number based on nose radius are given.

Weilmuenster, K. J.↗

Hybrid Position/Force Control of Robot Manipulators

In proposed method for task-oriented control of robot manipulator, position and force error signals for each task degree of freedom are used to calculate appropriate control parameters in task coordinates. Position and force error signals are transformed and summed to create drive signal for each actuator. New hybrid control technique does not require operator to supply complex transform matrices. Control trajectories are easily visualized in terms of task to be performed.

Raibert, M. H.↗

Reduction methods for nonlinear steady-state thermal analysis

Hybrid analysis techniques and a problem adaptive computational algorithm are presented for predicting the nonlinear steady state temperature distribution in structures and solids. In the proposed techniques, the structure is discretized by using the finite element method. The vector of nodal temperatures is then expressed as a linear combination of a small number of global temperature modes (or basis vectors), and the Bubnov Galerkin technique is used to compute the amplitudes of the global modes. The global temperature modes (or basis vectors) are chosen to include the various order derivatives of the nodal temperature vector with respect to preselected path parameter(s). The potential of the proposed reduction methods for solution of large scale, nonlinear thermal problems is discussed and the effectiveness of the methods is demonstrated by means of numerical examples, including steady state conduction, convection, and radiation modes of heat transfer.

Noor, A. K.↗

Combined spaceborne and conventional measurements for precipitation estimation

In order to overcome the limitations of both IR/visible and microwave radiometer based techniques, a "hybrid' scheme is suggested whose accuracy is investigated using radar based simulations. Such a scheme could potentially combine the high temporal resolution of the vis/IR imagery with the anticipated rain rate estimating ability of the next generation of satelliteborne microwave radiometers.

Vonderhaar, T. H.↗

Integrating 128-element linear imager for the 1 to 5 microns region

Useful charge integration has been achieved in high quality photovoltaic InSb diodes when combined with a FET multiplexing (MUX) scheme. An experimental detector assembly with a linear array of 128 InSb diodes coupled to a FEX MUX has been developed. The first stage J-FET preamp, pixel reset switch, MUX, and the InSb array are contained in a hybrid microcircuit of compact dimensions. A low noise preamplifier topology which capitalizes on the low video line capacitance inherent with hybrid fabrication techniques is also utilized. Measurements indicate a signal-to-noise ratio of over 1000:1 and response uniformity of + or - 2 percent. Sample images show subtle detail which supports the estimated radiometric sensitivity of 0.01 K.

Bailey, G. C.↗

Analytic and subjective assessments of operator workload imposed by communications tasks in transport aircraft

Analytical and subjective techniques that are sensitive to the information transmission and processing requirements of individual communications-related tasks are used to assess workload imposed on the aircrew by A-10 communications requirements for civilian transport category aircraft. Communications-related tasks are defined to consist of the verbal exchanges between crews and controllers. Three workload estimating techniques are proposed. The first, an information theoretic analysis, is used to calculate bit values for perceptual, manual, and verbal demands in each communication task. The second, a paired-comparisons technique, obtains subjective estimates of the information processing and memory requirements for specific messages. By combining the results of the first two techniques, a hybrid analytical scale is created. The third, a subjective rank ordering of sequences of communications tasks, provides an overall scaling of communications workload. Recommendations for future research include an examination of communications-induced workload among the air crew and the development of simulation scenarios.

Eckel, J. S.↗

MLA instruments and SWIR focal-plane technology

It is pointed out that next-generation sensors for earth observation will utilize Multispectral Linear Array (MLA) technology wherein linear detector arrays will scan the earth in pushbroom fashion. MLA instruments will permit a dramatic increase in detector dwell time, which can be utilized to improve spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. In connection with the considered applications for MLA sensors, the employed detector arrays should cover the visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands. The present paper is mainly concerned with the development of mercury-cadmium-telluride focal-plane arrays for the SWIR spectral regime (1-2.5 microns). Attention is given to the requirements, design details regarding the detector array, the employed multiplexer technique, the hybrid concept, packaging, and the program status.

Brown, F. G.↗

Olympus propagation studies in the US: Receiver development and the data acquisition system

Virginia Tech has developed two types of receivers to monitor the Olympus beacons, as well as a custom data acquisition system to store and display propagation data. Each of the receiver designs uses new hybrid analog/digital techniques. The data acquisition system uses a stand alone processor to collect and format the data for display and subsequent processing. The launch of the Olympus satellite with its coherent beacons offers new opportunities to study propagation effects at 12.5, 20, and 30 GHz. At Virginia Tech, the satellite is at 14 degrees in elevation, which allows us to measure low elevation angle effects. However, to make these measurements, a very accurate and stable measurement system is required. Virginia Tech has constructed a complex receiving system which monitors the Olympus beacons and all parameters associated with propagation research. In the current configuration, researchers have developed a receiver which frequency locks to the less fade susceptible 12.5 GHz beacon. Since all beacons on the satellite are driven from a single master oscillator, drift in the 12.5 GHz beacon implies corresponding drifts in the 20, and 30 GHz beacons. The receivers for the 20 and 30 GHz systems derive their frequency locking information from the 12.5 GHz system. This widens the dynamic range of the receivers and allows the receivers to maintain lock in severe fade conditions. In addition to monitoring the beacons, the sky noise is monitored with radiometers at each frequency. The radiometer output is used to set the clear air level for each beacon measurement. Researchers also measure the rain rate with several tipping bucket rain gauges placed along the propagation path.

Mckeeman, John C.↗

Redundancy management for efficient fault recovery in NASA's distributed computing system

The management of redundancy in computer systems was studied and guidelines were provided for the development of NASA's fault-tolerant distributed systems. Fault recovery and reconfiguration mechanisms were examined. A theoretical foundation was laid for redundancy management by efficient reconfiguration methods and algorithmic diversity. Algorithms were developed to optimize the resources for embedding of computational graphs of tasks in the system architecture and reconfiguration of these tasks after a failure has occurred. The computational structure represented by a path and the complete binary tree was considered and the mesh and hypercube architectures were targeted for their embeddings. The innovative concept of Hybrid Algorithm Technique was introduced. This new technique provides a mechanism for obtaining fault tolerance while exhibiting improved performance.

Malek, Miroslaw↗

Scattering and radiation analysis of three-dimensional cavity arrays via a hybrid finite element method

A hybrid numerical technique is presented for a characterization of the scattering and radiation properties of three-dimensional cavity arrays recessed in a ground plane. The technique combines the finite element and boundary integral methods and invokes Floquet's representation to formulate a system of equations for the fields at the apertures and those inside the cavities. The system is solved via the conjugate gradient method in conjunction with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) thus achieving an O(N) storage requirement. By virtue of the finite element method, the proposed technique is applicable to periodic arrays comprised of cavities having arbitrary shape and filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics. Several numerical results are presented, along with new measured data, which demonstrate the validity, efficiency, and capability of the technique.

Jin, Jian-Ming↗

Error latency measurements in symbolic architectures

Error latency, the time that elapses between the occurrence of an error and its detection, has a significant effect on reliability. In computer systems, failure rates can be elevated during a burst of system activity due to increased detection of latent errors. A hybrid monitoring environment is developed to measure the error latency distribution of errors occurring in main memory. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for gauging the dependability of individual data categories within a real-time application. The hybrid monitoring technique is novel in that it selects and categorizes a specific subset of the available blocks of memory to monitor. The precise times of reads and writes are collected, so no actual faults need be injected. Unlike previous monitoring studies that rely on a periodic sampling approach or on statistical approximation, this new approach permits continuous monitoring of referencing activity and precise measurement of error latency.

Young, L. T.↗

A hybrid structured-unstructured grid method for unsteady turbomachinery flow computations

A hybrid grid technique for the solution of 2D, unsteady flows is developed. This technique is capable of handling complex, multiple component geometries in relative motion, such as those encountered in turbomachinery. The numerical approach utilizes a mixed structured-unstructured zonal grid topology along with modeling equations and solution methods that are most appropriate in the individual domains, therefore combining the advantages of both structured and unstructured grid techniques.

Mathur, Sanjay R.↗

An efficient nonlinear relaxation technique for the three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

An efficient implicit method for the computation of steady, three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes flowfields is presented. A nonlinear iteration strategy based on planar Gauss-Seidel sweeps is used to drive the solution toward a steady state, with approximate factorization errors within a crossflow plane reduced by the application of a quasi-Newton technique. A hybrid discretization approach is employed, with flux-vector splitting utilized in the streamwise direction and central differences with artificial dissipation used for the transverse fluxes. Convergence histories and comparisons with experimental data are presented for several 3-D shock-boundary layer interactions. Both laminar and turbulent cases are considered, with turbulent closure provided by a modification of the Baldwin-Barth one-equation model. For the problems considered (175,000-325,000 mesh points), the algorithm provides steady-state convergence in 900-2000 CPU seconds on a single processor of a Cray Y-MP.

Edwards, Jack R.↗

Composite structure dynamics and space applicability

Guided wave modes in cladded or uncladded fiber-reinforced composite plates and tubes have been analyzed using a stiffness method in which the displacement variation through the thickness is approximated by polynomial interpolation functions. This allows for an arbitrary number of laminations and fiber orientations different from lamina to lamina. It is shown that dispersive behavior of guided modes depends significantly on the cladding, number of laminae, and interfaces between the adjacent laminae. A hybrid modeling technique is described in which an inner region containing cracks (or other defects) is discretized by finite elements, and the field in the exterior region is represented in terms of modes that are found using the stiffness method described above. It is found that the reflected and transmitted amplitudes of modes vary significantly with the size of a transverse or longitudinal (delamination) crack and frequency. We have also studied the impact response of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced plate. Received signals at the epicentral and other locations are shown. Strong longitudinal anisotropy of the graphite/epoxy plate causes the signal to be considerably different from that in an isotropic plate.

Datta, Subhendu K.↗

A Supersonic Tunnel for Laser and Flow-Seeding Techniques

A supersonic wind tunnel with flow conditions of 3 lbm/s (1.5 kg/s) at a free-stream Mach number of 2.5 was designed and tested to provide an arena for future development work on laser measurement and flow-seeding techniques. The hybrid supersonic nozzle design that was used incorporated the rapid expansion method of propulsive nozzles while it maintained the uniform, disturbance-free flow required in supersonic wind tunnels. A viscous analysis was performed on the tunnel to determine the boundary layer growth characteristics along the flowpath. Appropriate corrections were then made to the contour of the nozzle. Axial pressure distributions were measured and Mach number distributions were calculated based on three independent data reduction methods. A complete uncertainty analysis was performed on the precision error of each method. Complex shock-wave patterns were generated in the flow field by wedges mounted near the roof and floor of the tunnel. The most stable shock structure was determined experimentally by the use of a focusing schlieren system and a novel, laser based dynamic shock position sensor. Three potential measurement regions for future laser and flow-seeding studies were created in the shock structure: deceleration through an oblique shock wave of 50 degrees, strong deceleration through a normal shock wave, and acceleration through a supersonic expansion fan containing 25 degrees of flow turning.

Bruckner, Robert J.↗

Arbitrarily shaped dual-stacked patch antennas: A hybrid FEM simulation

A dual-stacked patch antenna is analyzed using a hybrid finite element - boundary integral (FE-BI) method. The metallic patches of the antenna are modeled as perfectly electric conducting (PEC) plates stacked on top of two different dielectric layers. The antenna patches may be of any shape and the lower patch is fed by a coaxial cable from underneath the ground plane or by an aperture coupled microstrip line. The ability of the hybrid FEM technique for the stacked patch antenna characterization will be stressed, and the EM coupling mechanism is also discussed with the aid of the computed near field patterns around the patches.

Gong, Jian↗

Development of a composite tailoring procedure for airplane wing

The development of a composite wing box section using a higher order-theory is proposed for accurate and efficient estimation of both static and dynamic responses. The theory includes the effect of through-the-thickness transverse shear deformations which is important in laminated composites and is ignored in the classical approach. The box beam analysis is integrated with an aeroelastic analysis to investigate the effect of composite tailoring using a formal design optimization technique. A hybrid optimization procedure is proposed for addressing both continuous and discrete design variables.

Chattopadhyay, Aditi↗