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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2020

Joint Planning of EV Fast Charging Stations and Power Distribution Systems With Balanced Traffic Flow Assignment

To tackle the challenges introduced by the fast-growing charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs), the power distribution systems (PDSs) and fast charging stations (FCSs) of EVs should be planned and operated in a more coordinated fashion. However, existing planning approaches generally aim to minimize investment costs in PDSs while ignoring the risk of worsening traffic conditions. To overcome this research gap, this article integrates the interests of traffic networks into PDS and FCS joint planning model to mitigate negative impacts on traffic conditions caused by installing FCSs. First, a novel microscopic method that is different from traditional assignment methods is proposed to simulate the influences of FCSs on traffic flows and EV charging loads. Then, a multiobjective joint planning model is developed to minimize both the planning costs and unbalanced traffic flows. A new bilayer Benders decomposition algorithm is designed to solve the proposed joint planning model. Numerical results on two practical systems in China validate the feasibility of our microscopic method by comparing the simulated results with real data. Compared with existing approaches, it is also demonstrated that the proposed joint planning approach helps to balance traffic flow assignments and relieve traffic congestion.

bilayer expanded Benders decomposition↗

DOE OSTI2016

All-solid-state supercapacitors on silicon using graphene from silicon carbide

Carbon-based supercapacitors are lightweight devices with high energy storage performance, allowing for faster charge-discharge rates than batteries. Here, we present an example of all-solid-state supercapacitors on silicon for on-chip applications, paving the way towards energy supply systems embedded in miniaturized electronics with fast access and high safety of operation. We present a nickel-assisted graphitization method from epitaxial silicon carbide on a silicon substrate to demonstrate graphene as a binder-free electrode material for all-solid-state supercapacitors. We obtain graphene electrodes with a strongly enhanced surface area, assisted by the irregular intrusion of nickel into the carbide layer, delivering a typical double-layer capacitance behavior with a specific area capacitance of up to 174 μF cm{sup −2} with about 88% capacitance retention over 10 000 cycles. The fabrication technique illustrated in this work provides a strategic approach to fabricate micro-scale energy storage devices compatible with silicon electronics and offering ultimate miniaturization capabilities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1972

Extending the life and recycle capability of earth storable propellant systems.

Rocket propulsion systems for reusable vehicles will be required to operate reliably for a large number of missions with a minimum of maintenance and a fast turnaround. For the space shuttle reaction control system to meet these requirements, current and prior related system failures were examined for their impact on reuse and, where warranted, component design and/or system configuration changes were defined for improving system service life. It was found necessary to change the pressurization component arrangement used on many single-use applications in order to eliminate a prevalent check valve failure mode and to incorporate redundant expulsion capability in propellant tank designs to achieve the necessary system reliability. Material flaws in pressurant and propellant tanks were noted to have a significant effect on tank cycle life. Finally, maintenance considerations dictated a modularized systems approach, allowing the system to be removed from the vehicle for service and repair at a remote site.

Schweickert, T. F.↗

NASA NTRS1997

The Final Approach Spacing Tool (FAST)

The Final Approach Spacing Tool (FAST) is a decision support tool for terminal area (TRACON) air traffic controllers. FAST utilizes 4D trajectory synthesis, human performance modeling, and a graphical user interface to plan and advise efficient, conflict-free aircraft trajectories for arrival traffic. It increases airport capacity, reduces arrival delays, and reduces controller workload by issuing: sequence and runway advisories ("Passive" FAST) and speed and heading advisories ("Active" FAST). This paper discusses in detail the architecture of the system and operational tests done on the system.

Slattery, Rhonda↗

NASA NTRS2011

A Compact, Fast, Wide-Field Imaging Spectrometer System

We present test results from a compact, fast (F/1.4) imaging spectrometer system with a 33 degree field of view, operating in the 450-1650 nm wavelength region with an extended response InGaAs detector array. The system incorporates a simple two-mirror telescope and a steeply concave bilinear groove diffraction grating made with gray scale x-ray lithography techniques. High degree of spectral and spatial uniformity (97%) is achieved.

diffraction grating↗

DOE OSTI2014

The Initial Development of a Computerized Operator Support System

A computerized operator support system (COSS) is a collection of resilient software technologies to assist operators in monitoring overall nuclear power plant performance and making timely, informed decisions on appropriate control actions for the projected plant condition. The COSS provides rapid assessments, computations, and recommendations to reduce workload and augment operator judgment and decision-making during fast- moving, complex events. A prototype COSS for a chemical volume control system at a nuclear power plant has been developed in order to demonstrate the concept and provide a test bed for further research. The development process identified four underlying elements necessary for the prototype, which consist of a digital alarm system, computer-based procedures, piping and instrumentation diagram system representations, and a recommender module for mitigation actions. An operational prototype resides at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) using the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL). Several human-machine interface (HMI) considerations are identified and incorporated in the prototype during this initial round of development.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Robust System Separation Strategy Considering Online Wide-Area Coherency Identification and Uncertainties of Renewable Energy Sources

With the fast growth of renewable energy sources (RES), more and more uncertainties are involved and influencing the stable operation of power systems. Controlled islanding is the last measure to prevent power system blackouts, thus this paper aims to propose a novel model of system separation based on Online Coherency Identification and Adjustable Robust Optimization Programming (OCI-AROP) for minimizing load shedding considering the uncertainties of RES. First, Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method with F-statistics is utilized to identify the coherent generator groups with the frequency data measured by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Then, the OCI-AROP model considering coherent group constraints, connectivity constraints and robustness constraints about RES are presented. Finally, the case studies on IEEE-39 bus system and WECC-179 bus system are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed OCI-AROP model, and comparisons among the OCI-AROP model and the other models are also given to show its superiority.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Development of coated heat flux gauges for fast responding measurements

Thermal systems often exhibit transient behaviors that have important implications for the operation of the system and can be difficult to predict. For these reasons, experimental testing is often required to ensure system durability requirements are achieved. One important parameter governing the survivability of components in hot, high-stress environments is the heat flux into the part that dictates the temperature distribution for the component. However, sensors required to experimentally characterize heat fluxes in extreme environments must also be resilient. Here, this study presents the development of coated heat transfer gauges capable of robust, high-frequency measurements in turbine research facilities. The addition of a protective coating increases the durability of the gauge, but inherent of that coating is the attenuation of high-frequency temperature penetrations. As a result, this study first outlines the use of analytical solutions to define a gauge design for a specific frequency range and heat transfer, ensuring that subsurface signals can be rectified to surface conditions through inverse methods. Then, the fabrication of polyimide substrate sensors with a parylene-F coating is described. Micro surface heaters added to the custom sensors were used to determine important geometric and thermal properties necessary to calculate accurate surface heat flux. Ultimately, this work shows increased sensor robustness in a turbine test bed and experimentally validates that the frequency response of the fabricated sensors meet the design intent.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2014

Improved Collective Thomson Scattering measurements of fast ions at ASDEX upgrade

Understanding the behaviour of the confined fast ions is important in both current and future fusion experiments. These ions play a key role in heating the plasma and will be crucial for achieving conditions for burning plasma in next-step fusion devices. Microwave-based Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) is well suited for reactor conditions and offers such an opportunity by providing measurements of the confined fast-ion distribution function resolved in space, time and 1D velocity space. We currently operate a CTS system at ASDEX Upgrade using a gyrotron which generates probing radiation at 105 GHz. A new setup using two independent receiver systems has enabled improved subtraction of the background signal, and hence the first accurate characterization of fast-ion properties. Here we review this new dual-receiver CTS setup and present results on fast-ion measurements based on the improved background characterization. These results have been obtained both with and without NBI heating, and with the measurement volume located close to the centre of the plasma. The measurements agree quantitatively with predictions of numerical simulations. Hence, CTS studies of fast-ion dynamics at ASDEX Upgrade are now feasible. The new background subtraction technique could be important for the design of CTS systems in other fusion experiments.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2020

Infrastructure and DFLAW Support at Hanford - 20443

Manhattan Project era infrastructure systems are degrading at an accelerated pace across the Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental Management complex. Revitalizing, rejuvenating and right-sizing these systems to ensure reliability for ongoing cleanup missions is a major focus at the 580-square- mile Hanford Site in southeast Washington State. The push to complete construction, commissioning, startup, and operation of facilities and systems in the Direct-Feed Low-Activity Waste (DFLAW) program at Hanford by 2023 requires considerable coordination among site contractors and a significant investment in infrastructure. The passage of time also poses a challenge. It has been about 75 years since facilities were first operated at the site, and approximately 40 years of plutonium production created a legacy of unidentified active and abandoned underground obstacles and waste sites that must be avoided when building and upgrading the infrastructure. Converting infrastructure systems originally built to support plutonium production from the 1940's to the 1980's and upgrading those systems to optimize technology is an ever-changing balance of funding profiles, available resources and execution strategies. The DOE Richland Operations Office (RL) has long recognized the need for increased investment in Hanford Site infrastructure to support the future processing of approximately 56 million gallons of waste currently stored in large underground tanks. When DFLAW is fully operational, safe and reliable infrastructure systems will be needed to ensure continuity of operations around the clock, 365 days a year. These include roadways, water, power, sewer, information technology systems and facilities. To ensure the readiness of Hanford's infrastructure to support treating tank waste in the next three years, 15 projects were identified with a combined value of $133.8 million. Through calendar year 2019, 7 infrastructure projects have been substantially completed and the remaining 8 projects, with a remaining value of $103.8 million, are scheduled to be completed by December 2023. RL and its site services/infrastructure contractor, Mission Support Alliance (MSA), regularly evaluate the needs of the DFLAW program and other Hanford Site missions to ensure the highest priority systems are addressed. In addition to a fast-approaching deadline for round-the-clock treatment operations, RL and MSA face another significant infrastructure challenge. As cleanup is being completed in a 220-square-mile area called the River Corridor, most of the cleanup operations going forward will occur in a 20-square-mile area in the center of the Hanford Site, known as the Central Plateau. Infrastructure systems are becoming more congested in an already overcrowded area. This paper/presentation will outline some of the challenges Hanford faces while executing infrastructure reliability projects. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BEAM ABORT SYSTEM FOR SUPERCONDUCTING UNDULATOR QUENCH MITIGATION*

A beam abort system has been implemented in the Advanced Photon Source storage ring. The abort system works in tandem with the existing machine protection system (MPS), and its purpose is to control the beam loss location and, thereby, minimize beam loss-induced quenches at the two superconducting undulators (SCUs). The abort system consists of a dedicated horizontal kicker designed to kick out all the bunches in a few turns after being triggered by MPS. The abort system concept was developed on the basis of single- and multi-particle tracking simulations using elegant and bench measurements of the kicker pulse. Performance of the abort system—kick amplitudes and loss distributions of all bunches—was analyzed using beam position monitor (BPM) turn histories, and agrees reasonably well with the model. Beam loss locations indicated by the BPMs are consistent with the fast fiber-optic beam loss monitor (BLM) diagnostics described elsewhere [1,2]. Operational experience with the abort system, various issues that were encountered, limitations of the system, and quench statistics are described.

Harkay, Katherine C.↗

DOE OSTI2026

High-resolution in-beam video rate imaging with the ClearXCam for synchrotron beamlines

The ClearXCam detector is a new video rate imaging in-beam monitor based on a diamond sensor. Imaging with 2304 effective pixels is achieved by sequentially biasing one of 48 metal stripes on one side of a diamond sensor, while reading out the current from 48 stripes on the other side of the sensor. This system was characterized for real-time X-ray beam diagnostics at synchrotron beamline 17-BM at the National Synchrotron Light Source II. Significant results include: detection of in-beam structure via the imaging mode, beam focusing in one minute with real-time imaging feedback during a focusing event, linearity over five orders of magnitude, validation of a fast mode operating at 100 Hz, and sub-micron beam-positioning resolution. The system is now available commercially.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Microgrid Fast Charging Station (MFCS) Design Platform Project (Summary Report)

This report documents the important steps and outcomes of the Microgrid Fast Charging Station (MFCS) Design Platform project, executed by XENDEE Corporation and its testing and validation by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This final summary report builds on the first summary released on April 30th, 2021 and adds the final results from the Hardware in the Loop (HIL) simulations and tests, which have been completed July 14th 2021. With this report XENDEE Corporation and Idaho National Laboratory conclude the first version of the Microgrid Fast Charging Station (MFCS) Design Platform as well as all related tests and validations for two in-depth case studies for islanded and non-islanded operation. The platform itself utilizes XENDEE’s advanced modeling systems and INL’s HIL system to ensure project viability and technical feasibility. It also intelligently maps all cables, transformers, and distributed technology interactions to anticipate and mitigate problems during peak usage or adverse conditions. Finally, the system is designed to optimize dispatch and generation at each time step of the day allowing the Microgrid to take advantage of energy sales to the utility and best manage the charging of an electrical fleet. This allows operators to reliably build bankable Microgrid systems and to operate them to reach the maximum efficiency even under the dynamic needs of electric vehicle fast charging

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS1984

SP-100 space nuclear power system

A baseline design concept for a 100 kWe nuclear reactor space power system is described. The concept was developed under contract from JPL as part of a joint program of the DOE, DOD, and NASA. The major technical and safety constraints influencing the selection of reactor operating parameters are discussed. A lithium-cooled compact fast reactor was selected as the best candidate system. The material selected for the thermoelectric conversion system was silicon germanium (SiGe) with gallium phosphide doping. Attention is given to the improved safety of the seven in-core control rod configuration.

Given, R. W.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Active Learning of Microgrid Frequency Dynamics Using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

Accurate frequency modelling of inverter‐based resource (IBR)‐dominated power systems is crucial for ensuring stable, reliable and resilient operations, particularly given their inherent low‐inertia characteristics and fast dynamics that traditional swing equation‐based models inadequately capture. This paper explores neural ordinary differential equations (Neural ODEs) as a computationally efficient, data‐driven framework for modelling power system frequency dynamics, specifically within microgrids integrating high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs). The developed neural ODEs framework incorporates a neural network architecture designed to capture input dynamics. By actively perturbing the system with a known signal, the Python‐based neural ODEs framework was trained using measured system states and inputs, without the need for detailed system information. The framework, tested on a model of the Cordova, AK, microgrid, achieved a goodness of fit ranging from 60% to 99% across different state variables and maintained a mean square error in the 10 -6 p.u. range under square and step excitation signals. The proposed approach demonstrated robustness to measurement noise and initial condition variations while maintaining low computational complexity suitable for real‐time power system control applications. Furthermore, transfer learning enabled the neural ODEs model to adapt to the following changes in system topology or generator dispatch, highlighting its effectiveness for dynamic microgrids with frequently evolving configurations and diverse DERs.

Aryal, Tara [South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, ↗

DOE OSTI2016

Definition of a Robust Supervisory Control Scheme for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors

In this work, an innovative control approach for metal-fueled Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors is proposed. With respect to the classical approach adopted for base-load Nuclear Power Plants, an alternative control strategy for operating the reactor at different power levels by respecting the system physical constraints is presented. In order to achieve a higher operational flexibility along with ensuring that the implemented control loops do not influence the system inherent passive safety features, a dedicated supervisory control scheme for the dynamic definition of the corresponding set-points to be supplied to the PID controllers is designed. In particular, the traditional approach based on the adoption of tabulated lookup tables for the set-point definition is found not to be robust enough when failures of the implemented SISO (Single Input Single Output) actuators occur. Therefore, a feedback algorithm based on the Reference Governor approach, which allows for the optimization of reference signals according to the system operating conditions, is proposed.

Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors, Supervisory control s↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development Testing of the Gateway Integrated Bipropellant Refueling Subsystem

The Lunar Gateway is a deep space orbiting outpost being developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) and other domestic and international partners. Because Gateway is a vital component of NASA’s Artemis program supporting long-term human exploration of the moon, it is designed for on-orbit refueling to allow for a longer life performance. The reaction control system (RCS) bipropellant refueling system onboard the station will have the capability to transfer propellants, monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) and mixed oxides of nitrogen-3 (MON-3), under controlled conditions and will span across three modules: the European System Providing Refueling Infrastructure and Telecommunication Refueling Module (ESPRIT-RM or ERM), the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), and the Propulsion and Power Element (PPE). These propellant transfers are complex operations with known hazards, and one of the risk areas is exceeding the flight system’s maximum design pressure (MDP) in priming and refueling pause/stop operations. In priming, liquid propellant is transferred from a pressurized source tank to evacuated transfer lines, which could result in excessive transient surge pressures and potentially damage hardware. In refueling pause/stop operations, fast-acting isolation valves (IV) are closed, which could lead to damaging water hammer. To mitigate these risks and develop the system, a collaborative NASA/ESA/Thales Alenia Space – United Kingdom (TAS-UK) test program was completed at TAS-UK on a simplified refueling breadboard representing ERM, HALO, and PPE bipropellant transfer systems. The objectives of the integrated breadboard testing were to (1) gather performance data to characterize and demonstrate critical refueling operations, (2) help inform flight designs, and (3) to validate numerical models that can be extended to predicting flight system performance. Integrated breadboard test data has shown the architected system performance is closing initial design assumptions. Further testing with propellant on a higher fidelity fluid simulator and analysis are planned.

Adela D Han↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development Testing of the Gateway Integrated Bipropellant Refueling Subsystem

Adela D Han↗