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At least 181 records · Page 10

Formation of S0s in extreme environments Ⅲ: the role of environment in the formation pathways

It is well established that there are at least two main channels to form lenticular (or S0) galaxies. The first, which we name ‘faded spiral’ scenario, includes quenching events that led to consumption or removal of gas from a spiral progenitor. The second, which we call ‘merger’ scenario, includes merger-like events and interactions between galaxies. Each scenario leaves characteristic signatures in the newly formed lenticular galaxy. However, the conditions that trigger one mechanism over another are still unknown. This paper is the third of a series aimed at understanding the role of the environment in the formation of lenticular galaxies. In this study, we combine the kinematics, morphology, and properties of the stellar populations of 329 S0s from the SAMI and MaNGA surveys in order to highlight the role of the environment in the process. We divide the S0s into two classes (A and B) according to their global properties, that we can associate to the products of a faded spiral scenario (class A) or a merger scenario (class B). Here we then study how the various classes are distributed within different environments. Our study reveals that the ‘faded spiral’ pathway is the most efficient channel to produce S0s, and it becomes more efficient as the mass of the group or cluster or local density of galaxies increase. The merger pathway is also a viable channel, and its efficiency becomes higher with decreasing local density or environment mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon-Accumulating Complexes from Autotrophic Bacteria from Extreme Environments

To facilitate the synthesis of biomass from CO 2 , autotrophic organisms use a variety of mechanisms to increase intracellular DIC concentrations. A novel type of multi-subunit complex has recently been described, which has been shown to generate measurably elevated intracellular DIC concentrations in three species of bacteria, raising the question of whether these complexes share this capability across the 17 phyla of Bacteria and Archaea where they are found.

carbon fixation↗

Fused filament fabrication of polymer composites for extreme environments

Vast improvements have been made to the capabilities of advanced manufacturing (AM), yet there are still limitations on which materials can effectively be used in the technology. To this end, parts created using AM would benefit from the ability to be developed from feedstock materials incorporating additional functionality. A common three-dimensional (3D) printing polymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, was combined with bismuth and polyvinylidene fluoride via a solvent treatment to fabricate multifunctional composite materials for AM. Composites of varying weight percent loadings were extruded into filaments, which were subsequently 3D printed into blocks via fused filament fabrication. Investigating the material properties demonstrated that in addition to the printed blocks successfully performing as radiation shields, the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties are suitable for AM. Thus, this work demonstrates that it is possible to enhance AM components with augmented capabilities while not significantly altering the material properties which make AM possible.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Characterization of Long-Term Service Coal Combustion Power Plant Extreme Environment Materials

The objective of this DOE-sponsored project was to develop a comprehensive database of mechanical properties, alloy microstructures, and to a lesser extent, the oxidation/corrosion behaviors of coal-fired power plant components, such as boiler tubing, steam headers, and steam piping, which had been in service for at least 100,000 operating hours (preferably more than 200,000 operating hours) under the operating conditions of high temperatures and high mechanical stresses where creep, fatigue, steam-side oxidation, and fireside corrosion were life-limiting factors. The components included in this database consisted of ferritic steels, creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels, and 300-series H-grade stainless steels, as well as dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) among these types of materials. As a result of extensive metallurgical characterization and mechanical testing performed in this project, a comprehensive database on mechanical properties and detailed quantitative microstructural information was successfully developed for several long-term serviced EEM components. Such a database can be used by material research communities to develop, calibrate, refine, and validate mechanical behaviors, models, and other assessment tools for accurate prediction of remaining life of major components under similar EEM operating conditions.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

Development of self-sensing materials for extreme environments based on metamaterial concept and additive manufacturing

Structural health monitoring of an engineered component in a harsh environment is critical for multiple DOE missions including nuclear fuel cycle, subsurface energy production/storage, and energy conversion. Supported by a seeding Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) project, we have explored a new concept for structural health monitoring by introducing a self-sensing capability into structural components. The concept is based on two recent technological advances: metamaterials and additive manufacturing. A self-sensing capability can be engineered by embedding a metastructure, for example, a sheet of electromagnetic resonators, either metallic or dielectric, into a material component. This embedment can now be realized using 3-D printing. The precise geometry of the embedded metastructure determines how the material interacts with an incident electromagnetic wave. Any change in the structure of the material (e.g., straining, degradation, etc.) would inevitably perturbate the embedded metastructures or metasurface array and therefore alter the electromagnetic response of the material, thus resulting in a frequency shift of a reflection spectrum that can be detected passively and remotely. This new sensing approach eliminates complicated environmental shielding, in-situ power supply, and wire routing that are generally required by the existing active-circuit-based sensors. The work documented in this report has preliminarily demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed concept. The work has established the needed simulation tools and experimental capabilities for future studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

High Throughput Computational Framework of Materials Properties for Extreme Environments

This project aims to establish a framework capable of efficiently predicting the properties of structural materials for service in harsh environments over a wide range of temperatures and over long periods of time. The approach is to develop and integrate high throughput first-principles calculations in combination with machine learning (ML) methods, perform high throughput CALPHAD (calculations of phase diagrams) modeling, and carry out finite element method (FEM) simulations. Relevant to high temperature service in fossil power system, nickel-based superalloys such as Inconel 740 and Haynes 282 as well as the associated (Ni-Cr-Co)-Al-C-Fe-Mn-Mo-Nb-Si-Ti system, were investigated. The present framework was built on the concept of phase-based property data, in which properties of individual phases are modeled as a function of internal and external independent variables. This project established an open-source infrastructure with the following capabilities: (1) High throughput implementation of first-principles calculations at finite temperatures and variable compositions using both accurate phonon calculations and the efficient Debye model for thermodynamic properties, elastic constants, diffusion coefficients, vacancy formation, stacking and twin faults, and dislocation mobility; i.e., using the developed code DFTTK; (2) Machine learning capabilities to predict the above properties so that the number of first-principles calculations can be significantly reduced; e.g., using the developed code SIPFENN; (3) High throughput CALPHAD modeling of the above properties as a function of temperature and composition using our unique capability based on ESPEI and PyCalphad; (4) New capabilities to predict the stress-strain behavior of individual phases; and (5) New models for tensile strength prediction in common FEM software with the crystal plasticity finite element simulations (CPFEM).

, Ni-based superalloys↗

The Geothermal Entrepreneurship Organization (GEO) Accelerating Technology Transfer, Testing and Adoption of Cutting-edge Extreme Environment Drilling

The Geothermal Entrepreneurship Organization launched in 2019 with the goal of building a geothermal innovation ecosystem at the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), and in the State of Texas at large. The theses underlying the work of GEO were 1) that with targeted advocacy, recruitment, organization, and coalition building, research institutions with legacy excellence in petroleum and geosystems engineering could become engines of geothermal innovation, research and development; 2) that startups were the appropriate vehicle to speed these innovations from the lab into the field, and building a geothermal startup ecosystem in Texas would not only advance next generation geothermal concepts into the field, but also help spur oil and gas engagement in the space, and 3) that with targeted engagement, education, and recruitment across stakeholders in the oil and gas industry and the State of Texas generally, the oil and gas industry, and other legacy oil and gas entities in the State could become sources of large scale deployment of geothermal energy. The overall goal was to create a ‘snowball’ effect, where targeted impactful actions would catalyze self-sustaining, organic growth of a new geothermal ecosystem in the State of Texas. That goal was achieved through GEO’s work. To test its theses, GEO began work by interviewing and recruiting UT Austin faculty and alumni into geothermal. At the beginning of the GEO project, there was no geothermal activity ongoing within the UT Austin Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Department, the Bureau of Economic Geology, or the Jackson School of Geoscience, and many faculty approached had not before considered how their skillsets might apply in the space. By the end of the project period, three major research consortia focused on geothermal were launched as a result of GEO’s work, one at the Bureau of Economic Geology, one within the Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Department, and another organized by GEO across six research institutions across the State of Texas, called the Texas Geothermal Institute. Geothermal curricula was launched at UT Austin, and UT Austin began attracting new geothermal enthusiasts into its faculty, including Dr. Silviu Livescu, former Chief Scientist of Baker Hughes. Startups recruited and mentored by GEO launched, raised funding, and deployed (or are currently deploying) their concepts in the field. By the end of the project period, the GEO concept expanded to faculty beyond UT Austin to other institutions, like Texas A&M, the University of Houston, and Rice University, and geothermal engagement began at those institutions as well. Multiple faculty members and alumni across these institutions launched geothermal startup companies, launched geothermal research consortia, and/or began teaching geothermal courses. In 2020, GEO launched what was to become the largest geothermal conference in the world by its second year, ‘PIVOT – From Hydrocarbons to Heat’, and the resulting momentum catalyzed the Society of Petroleum Engineers to launch a geothermal technical section, drove more startups to launch out of the ecosystem, and drove actors in the State of Texas, NGOs, and stakeholders globally to become engaged. Riding this momentum, the Texas Geothermal Energy Alliance was launched, the first ever industry association dedicated to advancing geothermal energy in the State of Texas. The Texas geothermal ecosystem after only two years of building and support is now robust, quickly growing, and self-sustaining. By 2021, the Texas geothermal ecosystem had attracted the attention of philanthropists, funding entities, media, and influencers outside of Texas, and GEO’s executive director was invited to give a TED talk about oil and gas engagement in building the future of geothermal energy, which elevated the success of the ecosystem to a global audience.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Unmasking f -electron physics: Exploring novel phases of actinide materials using extreme environments [Slides]

There are a multitude of compounds to study. Actinide-based systems stand out as being especially attractive, because they have been shown to be a deep reservoir for exotic phenomena (e.g., heavy fermion behavior, unconventional superconductivity, unconventional magnetism, topological states) that originate from their 5f-electron states.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Near-net shaping of high-density, complex, spatially-tailored ceramics for extreme environments

The purpose of this subcontract is for LLNL to collaborate with the Subcontractor (UCSB) in the areas of binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM), hot pressing (HP), finite element modeling (FEM), and multi-material sintering studies. LLNL wants to further develop its hot pressing, AM, and modeling capabilities through LLNL’s Early Career Faculty Program. This work will focus on developing a method to hot press complex-shaped ceramic parts through the co-deposition of a structural/functional ceramic and sacrificial mold material in one assembly via multi-material binder jet printing. The method aims to produce dense, near-net shaped parts with applications relevant to a wide variety of fields including aerospace, defense, and energy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗