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At least 181 records · Page 10

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NASA NTRS1988

Fraction eutectic measurements in slowly cooled Pb - 15 wt percent Sn alloys

A space shuttle experiment employing the General Purpose Furnace in its isothermal mode of operation is currently manifested for flight circa 1989. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the role of gravity in a slowly, and isothermally, cooled sample of a binary Pb - 15 wt percent Sn alloy. Ground based work in support of the microgravity experiment is discussed. In particular, it is shown that fraction eutectic measurements using an image analyzer, can be used to satisfactorily describe macrosegregation occurring in these slowly cooled ingots.

Studer, Anthony C.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Spatial profile of thermoelectric effects during Peltier pulsing in Bi and Bi/MnBi eutectic

The spatial profile of the thermal transients that occur during and following the current pulsing associated with Peltier Interface Demarcation during directional solidification is studied. Results for pure Bi are presented in detail and compared with corresponding results for the Bi/MnBi eutectic. Significant thermal transients occur throughout the sample that can be accounted for by the Peltier effect, the Thomson effect, and Joule heating. These effects are separated and their behavior is studied as a function of time, current density, and position with respect to the solid/liquid interface.

Silberstein, R. P.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Effects of an applied magnetic field on directional solidification of off-eutectic Bi-Mn alloys

Off-eutectic compositions of Bi-Mn were directionally solidified in applied transverse magnetic fields up to 3 kG to determine the effects on thermal and solutal convection. For Bi-rich compositions, the magnetic field appeared to increase mixing as determined from thermal, morphological, chemical and magnetic analyses. For Mn-rich compositions morphological and chemical analyses suggest some reduction in mixing due to application of the magnetic field. Conductivity gradients in the melt are suggested as a possible mechanism for the observed results.

Decarlo, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Supercooling effects in faceted eutectic Nb-Si alloys

The effect of melt supercooling on the microstructure of an Nb-58 at. pct Si alloy is investigated experimentally using an electromagnetic levitation apparatus. It is found that, starting with an alloy nominally of eutectic composition, nucleation of Nb5Si3 occurs in the supercooled liquid first. Upon further cooling, the remaining liquid continues to supercool until the second phase, NbSi2 is nucleated, which is commonly accompanied by rapid recalescence. The primary phase exibits a eutectoid-type decomposition. The observations are discussed with reference to the results of quantitative microstructural measurements, compositional and thermal analysis, and preliminary thermodynamic modeling of the phase diagram.

Gokhale, A. B.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Effect of convection on the microstructure of a lamellar eutectic growing with a stepped interface

A two dimensional model developed to study the influence of convective flow on the concentration field ahead of a growing lamellar eutectic is described when one phase projects out into the melt creating a stepped interface. The two dimensional convective flow field, which is periodic in the horizontal direction, was computed numerically using the software FLUENT. The velocity field generated due to the flow of melt over the steps was then incorporated into a finite difference scheme employed to solve the concentration field. The average interfacial composition was calculated and converted to lamellar spacing using the Jackson and Hunt minimum supercooling criterion. It was found that a stepped interface is more sensitive to convection than a planar interface.

Seth, Jayshree↗

NASA NTRS1991

Directional solidification of Pb-Sn eutectics with vibration

Pb-Sn eutectic alloy was directionally solidified at 1.4 to 3.2 cm/hr with forced convection induced by axial vibration of the growth ampoule with a frequency of 10 to 40 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. To determine the exact growth rate, an interface demarcation technique was applied. The lamellar spacing was increased 10 to 40 percent in ingots solidified with vibration compared to those solidified without vibration. The number of grain boundaries was increased by vibration. The average intensity of convection in the melt under axial vibration of the ampoule was estimated by comparing the experimental results with a theoretical model.

Caram, Rubens↗

NASA NTRS1991

Directional solidification of Pb-Sn eutectic with vibration

Pb-Sn eutectic alloy was directionally solidified at 1.4 to 3.2 cm/hr with forced convection induced by axial vibration of the growth ampoule with a frequency of 10 to 40 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. To determine the exact growth rate, an interface demarcation technique was applied. The lamellar spacing was increased 10 to 40 percent in ingots solidified with vibration compared to those solidified without vibration. The average intensity of convection in the melt under axial vibration of the ampoule was estimated by comparing the experimental results with a theoretical model.

Caram, Rubens↗

NASA NTRS1991

Free energy change of off-eutectic binary alloys on solidification

A formula for the free energy difference between the undercooled liquid phase and the stable solid phase is derived for off-eutectic binary alloys in which the equilibrium solid/liquid transition takes place over a certain temperature range. The free energy change is then evaluated numerically for a Bi-25 at. pct Cd alloy modeled as a sub-subregular solution.

Ohsaka, K.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Temperature dependence of the elastic moduli and damping for polycrystalline LiF-22 pct CaF2 eutectic salt

Young's and shear moduli and damping were measured for as-cast polycrystalline LiF-(22 mol pct)CaF2 eutectic specimens as a function of temperature using the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique. The shear modulus decreased with increasing temperature from about 40 GPa at 295 K to about 30 GPa at 1000 K, while the Young modulus decreased from about 115 GPa at 295 K to about 35 GPa at 900 K. These values are compared with those derived from the rule of mixtures using elastic moduli data for LiF and CaF2 single crystals. It is shown that, while the shear modulus data agree reasonably well with the predicted trend, there is a large discrepancy between the theoretical calculations and the Young modulus values, where this disagreement increases with increasing temperature.

Wolfenden, A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Phase selection during crystallization of undercooled liquid eutectic lead-tin alloys

During rapid solidification substantial amounts of undercooling are in general required for formation of metastable phases. Crystallization at varying levels of undercooling and melting of metastable phases were studied during slow cooling and heating of emulsified PB-Sn alloys. Besides the experimental demonstration of the reversibility of metastable phase equilibra, two different principal solidification paths have been identified and compared with the established metastable phase diagram and predictions from classical nucleation theory. The results suggest that the most probable solidification path is described by the 'step rule' resulting in the formation of metastable phases at low undercooling, whereas the stable eutectic phase mixture crystallizes without metastable phase formation at high undercooling.

Fecht, H. J.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Numerical modeling of solidification and convection in a viscous pure binary eutectic system

The solidification and convection of the pure binary eutectic silicate system diopside-anorthite (Di-An) is numerically modeled. A mass-weighted enthalpy of fusion is used to account for the second solid phase (An) which crystallizes at the solidus temperature. Variable under-relaxation is used to aid convergence of the momentum equations in the implementation of the SIMPLER algorithm used to solve the two-dimensional continuum conservation equations. Numerical experiments of the solidification of Di80 melt show that a large temperature drop occurs across the solid and mush regions which decreases convective vigor in the liquid. Interesting compositional segregation patterns are produced during the solidification of Di80.

Oldenburg, Curtis M.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Influence of gravity on the microstructure of the MnBi/Bi eutectic

Directional solidification of MnBiBi eutectic in space produced MnBi fibers that were significantly finer and closer together than when solidification was carried out on earth under otherwise identical conditions. Use of a strong magnetic field during solidification on earth gave about the same results as solidification in space, indicating that convection is the cause of the difference in microstructure. However, 15 years of theoretical and experimental research have failed to reveal the mechanism for this phenomenon. It has been found that temperature gradient has no effect; the concentration field in front of the freezing interface is not altered sufficiently by buoyancy-driven convection to explain it, even if the MnBi fibers project out in front of the Bi matrix; and the Soret effect is not sufficiently large. On the other hand, vigorous forced convection caused a change in microstructure in agreement with theory.

Rydzewski, J. H.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Directional solidification of Pb-Sn eutectic with vibration

Pb-Sn eutectic alloy was directionally solidified at 1.4 to 3.2 cm/h with forced convection induced by axial vibration of the growth ampoule with a frequency of 10 to 40 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. To determine the exact growth rate, an interface demarcation technique was applied. The lamellar spacing was increased 10 to 40 percent in ingots solidified with vibration, compared to those solidified without vibration. The number of grain boundaries was increased by vibration. The average intensity of convection in the melt under axial vibration of the ampoule was estimated by comparing the experimental results with a theoretical model.

Caram, Rubens↗

NASA NTRS1991

Effect of convection on the microstructure of a lamellar eutectic growing with a stepped interface

Seth, Jayshree↗

NASA NTRS1993

An approximate formula for recalescence in binary eutectic alloys

In alloys, solidification takes place along various paths which may be ascertained via phase diagrams; while there would be no single formula applicable to all alloys, an approximate formula for a specific solidification path would be useful in estimating the fraction of the solid formed during recalescence. A formulation is here presented of recalescence in binary eutectic alloys. This formula is applied to Ag-Cu alloys which are of interest in containerless solidification, due to their formation of supersaturated solutions.

Ohsaka, K.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Eutectic-Free Superalloy Made By Directional Solidification

By suitable control of thermal conditions in directional-solidification process, supperalloy structural and machine components (e.g., turbine blades) cast with microstructures enhancing resistance to fatigue. Specific version of process and thermal conditions chosen to reduce micro-segregation during solidification and to minimize or eliminate script carbide and eutectic-phase inclusions, which are brittle inclusions found to decrease resistance to fatigue.

Schmidt, Deborah Dianne↗

NASA NTRS2001

Crystallographic Texture and Orientation Variants in Al2O3-Y3Al5O12 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Crystals

Eutectic rods of Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12 were grown by a laser-heated float zone method, and their microstructure and crystallographic texture were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The composites were found to be highly textured with two twin-related crystallographic orientation relationships between the phases. Electron backscattered diffraction was employed to determine the spatial distribution of the orientational variants within the samples and to define the crystallographic orientation of various microstructural features.

Frazer, Colleen S.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Template-directed synthesis of oligonucleotides under eutectic conditions

One of the most important sets of model prebiotic experiments consists of reactions that synthesize complementary oligonucleotides from preformed templates under nonenzymatic conditions. Most of these experiments are conducted at 4 degrees C using 0.01-0.1 M concentrations of activated nucleotide monomer and template (monomer equivalent). In an attempt to extend the conditions under which this type of reaction can occur, we have concentrated the reactants by freezing at -18 degrees C, which is close to the NaCl-H2O eutectic at -21 degrees C. The results from this set of experiments suggest that successful syntheses can occur with poly(C) concentrations as low at 5 x 10(-4) M and 2MeImpG concentrations at 10(-3) M. It was also anticipated that this mechanism might allow the previously unsuccessful poly(A)-directed synthesis of oligo(U)s to occur. However, no template effect was seen with the poly(A) and ImpU system. The failure of these conditions to allow template-directed synthesis of oligo(U)s supports the previously proposed idea that pyrimidines may not have been part of the earliest genetic material. Because of the low concentrations of monomer and template that would be expected from prebiotic syntheses, this lower temperature could be considered a more plausible geologic setting for template-directed synthesis than the standard reaction conditions.

NASA Discipline Number 52-20↗