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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of Host Flexibility on Selectivity in a Supramolecular Host-Catalyzed Enantioselective aza-Darzens Reaction

A highly enantioselective aza-Darzens reaction (up to 99% ee) catalyzed by an enantiopure supramolecular host has been discovered. To understand the role of host structure on reaction outcome, nine new gallium(III)-based enantiopure supramolecular assemblies were prepared via substitution of the external chiral amide. Despite the distal nature of the substitution in these catalysts, changes in enantioselectivity (61 to 90% ee) in the aziridine product were observed. The enantioselectivities were correlated to the flexibility of the supramolecular host scaffold as measured by the kinetics of exchange of a model cationic guest. Finally, this correlation led to the development of a best-in-class catalyst by substituting the gallium(III)-based host with one based on indium(III), which generated the most flexible and selective catalyst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-resolution Compton spectroscopy using x-ray microcalorimeters

X-ray Compton spectroscopy is one of the few direct probes of the electron momentum distribution of bulk materials in ambient and operando environments. Herein, we report high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering experiments with high momentum and energy transfer performed at a storage-ring-based high-energy x-ray light source facility using an x-ray transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detector. The performance was compared with a silicon drift detector (SDD), an energy-resolving semiconductor detector, and Compton profiles were measured for lithium and cobalt oxide powders relevant to lithium-ion battery research. Spectroscopic analysis of the measured Compton profiles demonstrates the high-sensitivity to the low- Z elements and oxidation states. The line shape analysis of the measured Compton profiles in comparison with computed Hartree–Fock profiles is usually limited by the resolution of the semiconductor detector. We have characterized an x-ray TES microcalorimeter detector for high-resolution Compton scattering experiments using a bending magnet source at the Advanced Photon Source with a double crystal monochromator, providing monochromatic photon energies near 27.5 keV. The momentum resolution below 0.16 atomic units (a.u.) was measured, yielding an improvement of more than a factor of 7 over a state-of-the-art SDD for the same scattering geometry. Furthermore, the lineshapes of narrow valence and broad core electron profiles of sealed lithium metal were clearly resolved using an x-ray TES compared to smeared and broadened lineshapes observed when using the SDD. High-resolution Compton scattering using the energy-resolving area detector shown here presents new opportunities for spatial imaging of electron momentum distributions for a wide class of materials with applications ranging from electrochemistry to condensed matter physics.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1974

Relationships among classes of self-oscillating transistor parallel inverters

A procedure is developed for classifying dc-to-square-wave two-transistor parallel inverters used in power conditioning applications. The inverters are reduced to equivalent RLC networks and are then grouped with other inverters with the same basic equivalent circuit. Distinction between inverter classes is based on the topology characteristics of the equivalent circuits. Information about one class can then be extended to another class using the basic oscillation theory and the concept of duality. Oscillograms from test circuits confirm the validity of the procedure adopted.

Wilson, T. G.↗
NASA NTRS1991

On the wall-normal velocity of the compressible boundary-layer equations

Numerical methods for the compressible boundary-layer equations are facilitated by transformation from the physical (x,y) plane to a computational (xi,eta) plane in which the evolution of the flow is 'slow' in the time-like xi direction. The commonly used Levy-Lees transformation results in a computationally well-behaved problem for a wide class of non-similar boundary-layer flows, but it complicates interpretation of the solution in physical space. Specifically, the transformation is inherently nonlinear, and the physical wall-normal velocity is transformed out of the problem and is not readily recovered. In light of recent research which shows mean-flow non-parallelism to significantly influence the stability of high-speed compressible flows, the contribution of the wall-normal velocity in the analysis of stability should not be routinely neglected. Conventional methods extract the wall-normal velocity in physical space from the continuity equation, using finite-difference techniques and interpolation procedures. The present spectrally-accurate method extracts the wall-normal velocity directly from the transformation itself, without interpolation, leaving the continuity equation free as a check on the quality of the solution. The present method for recovering wall-normal velocity, when used in conjunction with a highly-accurate spectral collocation method for solving the compressible boundary-layer equations, results in a discrete solution which is extraordinarily smooth and accurate, and which satisfies the continuity equation nearly to machine precision. These qualities make the method well suited to the computation of the non-parallel mean flows needed by spatial direct numerical simulations (DNS) and parabolized stability equation (PSE) approaches to the analysis of stability.

Pruett, C. David↗
NASA NTRS1997

Very Long Term Oxidation of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb at 704 C In Air

Introduction Titanium aluminides are of great interest for intermediate-temperature (600 C - 850 C) aerospace and power generation applications because of their high specific properties. Replacement of conventional superalloys by titanium aluminides offers the potential of significant weight savings. Extensive development efforts over the past IO years have led to the identification of y (TiAl) + alpha(sub 2) (Ti3Al) alloys, such as the G.E. alloy Ti48Al-2Cr-2Nb (all composition in at. %), which offer a balance of room temperature mechanical properties and high-temperature strength retention. The two phase gamma + alpha(sub 2) class of titanium aluminides also offers superior oxidation and embrittlement resistance compared to the alpha(sub 2) and orthorhombic classes of titanium aluminides. However, environmental durability is still a major concern. Significant progress has recently been made in understanding the fundamental aspects of the oxidation behavior of binary gamma + alpha(sub 2) Ti-Al alloys. However, most of this work has concentrated on short term (less than 1000 hours), high temperature (900 C - 1000 C) exposures. Also little data are available in the literature regarding the oxidation behavior of the quaternary and higher order gamma + alpha(sub 2) engineering alloys. This is especially true for the very long-term, low temperature conditions likely to be experienced during engineering applications. The present work addresses this regime to fill this gap by characterizing the oxidation behavior of Ti48Al-2Cr-2Nb for periods up to 9000 h at 704 C in air.

Locci, I. E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fast Charge‐Transfer Rates in Li‐CO 2 Batteries with a Coupled Cation‐Electron Transfer Process

Li-CO 2 batteries with a high theoretical energy density (1876 Wh kg −1 ) have unique benefits for reversible carbon fixation for energy storage systems. However, due to lack of stable and highly active catalysts, the long-term operation of Li-CO 2 batteries is limited to low current densities (mainly <0.2 mA cm −2 ) that are far from practical conditions. In this work, it is discovered that, with an ionic liquid-based electrolyte, highly active and stable transition metal trichalcogenide alloy catalysts of Sb 0.67 Bi 1.33 X 3 (X = S, Te) enable operation of the Li-CO 2 battery at a very high current rate of 1 mA cm −2 for up to 220 cycles. It is revealed that: i) the type of chalcogenide (Te vs S) significantly affects the electronic and catalytic properties of the catalysts, ii) a coupled cation-electron charge transfer process facilitates the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) occurring during discharge, and iii) the concentration of ionic liquid in the electrolyte controls the number of participating CO 2 molecules in reactions. A combination of these key factors is found to be crucial for a successful operation of the Li-CO 2 chemistry at high current rates. This work introduces a new class of catalysts with potential to fundamentally solve challenges of this type of batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

J-PLUS: Support vector machine applied to STAR-GALAXY-QSO classification

Context. In modern astronomy, machine learning has proved to be efficient and effective in mining big data from the newest telescopes. Aims. In this study, we construct a supervised machine-learning algorithm to classify the objects in the Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey first data release (J-PLUS DR1). Methods. The sample set is featured with 12-waveband photometry and labeled with spectrum-based catalogs, including Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic data, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, and VERONCAT – the Veron Catalog of Quasars & AGN. The performance of the classifier is presented with the applications of blind test validations based on RAdial Velocity Extension, the Kepler Input Catalog, the Two Micron All Sky Survey Redshift Survey, and the UV-bright Quasar Survey. A new algorithm was applied to constrain the potential extrapolation that could decrease the performance of the machine-learning classifier. Results. The accuracies of the classifier are 96.5% in the blind test and 97.0% in training cross-validation. The F1-scores for each class are presented to show the balance between the precision and the recall of the classifier. We also discuss different methods to constrain the potential extrapolation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1977

Results from the Apollo passive seismic experiment

Recent results from the Apollo Seismic Network suggest that primitive differentiation occurred in the outer shell of the moon to a depth of approximately 300 km and the central region of the moon is presently molten to a radius of between 200 and 300 km. If early melting to a depth of 300 to 400 km was a consequence of accretional energy, very short accretion times are required. It was shown that the best model for the zone of original differentiation is a crust 40 to 80 km thick, ranging in composition from anorthositic gabbro to gabbro, and overlying an ultramafic cumulate about 250 km thick. The best candidate for the molten core appears to be iron or iron sulphide. A new class of seismic signals recently were identified that may correspond to shallow moonquakes. These are rare, but much more energetic than the more numerous, deep moonquakes.

Latham, G.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multiplicity dependence of K*(892) ± production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

The first results of K*(892) ± production at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$= 13 TeV as a function of the event multiplicity are presented. The K*(892) ± has been reconstructed via its hadronic decay channel K*(892) ± → π ± + K$^0_{\textrm{S}}$ using the ALICE detector at the LHC. For each multiplicity class, the differential transverse momentum (p T ) spectrum, the mean transverse momentum ⟨p T ⟩, the p T -integrated yield (dN/dy), and the ratio of the K*(892) ± to K$^0_{\textrm{S}}$ yields are reported. These are consistent with previous K*(892) 0 resonance results with a higher level of precision. Comparisons with phenomenological models such as PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8, EPOS-LHC, and DIPSY are also discussed. For the first time, a significant K*(892) ± /K$^0_{\textrm{S}}$ suppression in pp collisions is observed at a 7σ level passing from low to high multiplicity events. The ratios of the p T -differential yields of K*(892) ± and K$^0_{\textrm{S}}$ in high and low multiplicity events are also presented along with their double ratio. For p T ≲ 2 GeV/c this double ratio persists below unity by more than 3σ suggesting that the suppression affects mainly low p T resonances. The measured decreasing trend of the K*(892) ± /K$^0_{\textrm{S}}$ ratio with increasing multiplicity, which in heavy-ion collisions is typically attributed to the rescattering of decay particles of the short-lived resonances, is reproduced by the EPOS-LHC model without the use of hadronic afterburners.

Hadronic resonance production↗
DOE OSTI2024

Global Geo-processed Data of Aquifer Properties by 0.5° Grid, Country and Water Basins

This repository of global hydrogeologic datasets contains aquifer properties on 0.5° scale, including depth to groundwater (Fan et al., 2013), aquifer thickness (de Graaf et al., 2015), WHYMap aquifer classes (Richts et al., 2011), porosity and permeability (Gleeson et al., 2014), digitized and geo-processed from their respective sources. Globally gridded aquifer properties could be used independently to estimate global groundwater availability or used as critical inputs to the superwell model to simulate groundwater extraction and provide estimates of pumped volumes and unit costs under user-specific scenarios. Key resources related to this data are: Niazi, H., Ferencz, S., Graham, N., Yoon, J., Wild, T., Hejazi, M., Watson, D., & Vernon, C. (2024; In-prep). Long-term Hydro-economic Assessment Tool for Evaluating Global Groundwater Cost and Supply: Superwell v1. Geoscientific Model Development. superwell model repository which uses this data to simulate groundwater extraction and provides estimates of the global extractable volumes and unit-costs ($/km3) of accessible groundwater production under user-specified extraction scenarios. Repository Overview Main output: aquifer_properties.csv contains all processed outputs, including aquifer properties like porosity, permeability, aquifer thickness, and depth to groundwater. shapefiles.zip: contains all digitized GIS databases and shapefile for all aquifer properties prep_inputs.R: R script that processes the shapefiles to produce the aquifer_properties file plot_inputs.R: R script for plotting the maps and conducting preliminary analysis on the available groundwater volume basin_to_country_mapping.csv, basin_country_region_mapping.csv and continent_county_mapping.csv provide the mapping between continents, 32 energy-economic macro regions, countries, and water basins for post-processing aquifer_properties.csv Maps: Each map visualizes the spatial distribution of one of the aquifer properties across the globe map_in_Porosity.png map_in_Permeability.png map_in_Aquifer_thickness.png map_in_Depth_to_water.png map_in_Grid_area_km.png map_in_WHYClass.png Sample inputs sample_inputs.py: this script samples inputs from the aquifer_properties dataset, ensuring the sampled and original inputs maintain the same distributions sampled_data_100.csv contains 100 sampled data points and sampled_data_100.png compares their distributions Dataset Overview The main outputs are consolidated in a comprehensive aquifer_properties.csv file and include the following fields: GridCellID: Unique identifier for each (roughly 0.5°) grid cell Continent: Continent name Country: Country name GCAM_basin_ID: Identifier for GCAM hydrologic basin Basin_long_name: Full name of the basin WHYClass: Hydrogeologic classification based on WHYMap aquifer classes (Richts et al., 2011) Porosity: Soil porosity (%) (Gleeson et al., 2014) Permeability: Soil permeability (in square meters; Gleeson et al., 2014) Aquifer_thickness: Thickness of the aquifer (in meters; de Graaf et al., 2015) Depth_to_water: Depth to groundwater (in meters; Fan et al., 2013) Grid_area: Area of the grid cell (in square meters) Key References The datasets are digitized versions of global hydrogeologic properties from the following key literature sources: Depth to Groundwater: Fan, Y., Li, H., & Miguez-Macho, G. (2013). Global Patterns of Groundwater Table Depth. Science, 339(6122), 940-943. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229881 Aquifer Thickness: de Graaf, I. E. M., Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, L. P. H., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2015). A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19(2), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-823-2015 Porosity and Permeability: Gleeson, T., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., & van Beek, L. P. H. (2014). A glimpse beneath earth's surface: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS (GLHYMPS) of permeability and porosity. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(11), 3891-3898. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059856 Aquifer classes: Richts, A., Struckmeier, W. F., & Zaepke, M. (2011). WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1:25,000,000. In J. A. A. Jones (Ed.), Sustaining Groundwater Resources: A Critical Element in the Global Water Crisis (pp. 159-173). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3426-7_10 Cite as Niazi, H., Watson, D., Hejazi, M., Yonkofski, C., Ferencz, S., Vernon, C., Graham, N., Wild, T., & Yoon, J. (2024). Global Geo-processed Data of Aquifer Properties by 0.5° Grid, Country and Water Basins. MSD-LIVE Data Repository. https://doi.org/10.57931/2307831 Contact Reach out to Hassan Niazi or open an issue in superwell repository for questions or suggestions.

aquifer thickness↗
NASA NTRS1974

Results from the Apollo passive seismic experiment

Recent results from the Apollo seismic network suggest that primitive differentiation occurred in the outer shell of the moon to a depth of approximately 300 km; and the central region of the moon is presently molten to a radius of between 200 and 300 km. If early melting to a depth of 300 to 400 km was a consequence of accretional energy, very short accretion times are required. The best model for the zone of original differentiation appears to be a crust 40 to 80 km thick, ranging in composition from anorthositic gabbro to gabbro; overlying an ultramafic cumulate (olivine-pyroxene) about 250 km thick. The best candidate for the molten core appears to be iron or iron sulphide. A new class of seismic signals has recently been identified that may correspond to shallow moonquakes. These are rare, but much more energetic than the more numerous, deep moonquakes.

Lathum, G.↗
NASA NTRS2012

The Gamma-Ray Imager/Polarimeter for Solar Flares (GRIPS)

The balloon-borne Gamma-Ray Imager/Polarimeter for Solar flares (GRIPS) instrument will provide a near-optimal combination of high-resolution imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry of solar-flare gamma-ray/hard X-ray emissions from approximately 20 keV to greater than approximately 10 MeV. GRIPS will address questions raised by recent solar flare observations regarding particle acceleration and energy release, such as: What causes the spatial separation between energetic electrons producing hard X-rays and energetic ions producing gamma-ray lines? How anisotropic are the relativistic electrons, and why can they dominate in the corona? How do the compositions of accelerated and ambient material vary with space and time, and why? The spectrometer/polarimeter consists of sixteen 3D position-sensitive germanium detectors (3D-GeDs), where each energy deposition is individually recorded with an energy resolution of a few keV FWHM and a spatial resolution of less than 0.1 cubic millimeter. Imaging is accomplished by a single multi-pitch rotating modulator (MPRM), a 2.5-centimeter thick tungsten alloy slit/slat grid with pitches that range quasi-continuously from 1 to 13 millimeters. The MPRM is situated 8 meters from the spectrometer to provide excellent image quality and unparalleled angular resolution at gamma-ray energies (12.5 arcsec FWHM), sufficient to separate 2.2 MeV footpoint sources for almost all flares. Polarimetry is accomplished by analyzing the anisotropy of reconstructed Compton scattering in the 3D-GeDs (i.e., as an active scatterer), with an estimated minimum detectable polarization of a few percent at 150-650 keV in an X-class flare. GRIPS is scheduled for a continental-US engineering test flight in fall 2013, followed by long or ultra-long duration balloon flights in Antarctica.

Shih, Albert Y.↗
NASA NTRS2020

FAUST I. The hot corino at the heart of the prototypical Class I protostar L1551 IRS5

The study of hot corinos in solar-like protostars has been so far mostly limited to the Class 0 phase, hampering our understanding of their origin and evolution. In addition, recent evidence suggests that planet formation starts already during Class I phase, which therefore represents a crucial step in the future planetary system chemical composition. Hence, the study of hot corinos in Class I protostars has become of paramount importance. Here, we report the discovery of a hot corino towards the prototypical Class I protostar L1551 IRS5, obtained within the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) Large Program FAUST (Fifty AU STudy of the chemistry in the disc/envelope system of solar-like protostars). We detected several lines from methanol and its isotopologues (13CH3OH and CH2DOH), methyl formate, and ethanol. Lines are bright towards the north component of the IRS5 binary system, and a possible second hot corino may be associated with the south component. The methanol lines' non-LTE analysis constrains the gas temperature (∼100 K), density (≥1.5 × 10^8 per cu.cm), and emitting size (∼10 au in radius). All CH3OH and 13CH3OH lines are optically thick, preventing a reliable measure of the deuteration. The methyl formate and ethanol relative abundances are compatible with those measured in Class 0 hot corinos. Thus, based on this work, little chemical evolution from Class 0 to I hot corinos occurs.

astrochemistry, stars: formation, ISM: molecules↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of beauty production via non-prompt D 0 mesons in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{{\textrm{s}}_{\textrm{NN}}} $ = 5.02 TeV

The production of non-prompt D 0 mesons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 5.02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. Their nuclear modification factor (R AA ), measured for the first time down to p T = 1 GeV/c in the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality classes, indicates a significant suppression, up to a factor of about three, for p T > 5 GeV/c in the 0–10% central Pb-Pb collisions. The data are described by models that include both collisional and radiative processes in the calculation of beauty-quark energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma, and quark recombination in addition to fragmentation as a hadronisation mechanism. The ratio of the non-prompt to prompt D 0 -meson R AA is larger than unity for p T > 4 GeV/c in the 0–10% central Pb-Pb collisions, as predicted by models in which beauty quarks lose less energy than charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma because of their larger mass.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1973

An Iterative Approach to the Feature Selection Problem

The problem dealt with concerns feature selection or reducing the dimension of the data to be processed from n to k. By reducing the dimension of the data from n to k, classification time is generally reduced. Yet the dimension reduction should not be so great that classification accuracy is impaired. Thus, the general problem is considered of classifying an n-dimensional observation vector x into one of m-distinct classes where each class is normally distributed with mean and covariance. It is shown that the probability of misclassification is minimized if a maximum likelihood classification procedure is used to classify the data. The dimension of each observation vector to be processed is conveniently reduced by performing the transformation y = Bx, where B is a K by n matrix of rank k. Thus, the n-dimensional classification problem transforms into a k-dimensional classification problem.

Decell, H. P., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2022

IGR J18249−3243: a new GeV-emitting FR II and the emerging population of high-energy radio galaxies

ABSTRACT The advent of new all-sky radio surveys such as the VLA Sky Survey and the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey, performed with the latest generation radio telescopes, is opening new possibilities on the classification and study of extragalactic γ-ray sources, specially the underrepresented ones like radio galaxies. In particular, the enhanced sensitivity (sub-mJy level) and resolution (a few arcsec) provides a better morphological and spectral classification. In this work, we present the reclassification of a Fermi/Large Area Telescope (LAT) source as a new Fanaroff–Riley II radio galaxy from the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory sample found to emit at GeV energies. Through a broad-band spectral fitting from radio to γ-ray, we find that the commonly invoked jet contribution is not sufficient to account for the observed γ-ray flux. Our modelling suggests that the observed emission could mainly originate in the lobes (rather than in the radio core) by inverse Compton scattering of radio-emitting electrons off the ambient photon fields. In addition, we cross-correlated the latest generation radio surveys with a list of Fermi/LAT candidate misaligned AGN from the literature, finding four new radio galaxies with a double-lobed morphology. Additional four objects could be classified as such thanks to previous studies in the literature, for a total of nine new radio galaxies with GeV emission presented in this work. We foresee that further objects of this class might be found in the near future with the advent of the Square Kilometer Array, populating the GeV sky.

Bruni, G. (ORCID:0000000251826289)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Comparative Mechanical Properties Analysis of Triple Ion-Beam Irradiated and Neutron Irradiated Potential Plasma Facing Components

Abstract Several classes of materials are being proposed for use in fusion reactors including oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) and reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAF/M) steels to withstand the severe and harsh conditions. In this work, the mechanical properties of a Fe-16Cr-4Al-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y 2 O 3 (K3) (ODS) ferritic steel and a Fe-8.9Cr-1.1W-0.47Mn-0.2V-0.14Ta-0.11C (Eurofer 97) (RAF/M) steel) after triple ion beam irradiation were locally evaluated utilizing in-situ micro-pillar compression tests, and continuous stiffness/quasi-static nanoindentation. No change in mechanical properties was observed in the K3 ODS steel. However, the Eurofer 97 RAF/M steel exhibited radiation-induced effects via increases in yield strength. Micro-pillar techniques were expanded to neutron-irradiated materials via an in-situ testing technique employing lift-out methods on Fe-14Cr-0.9Ti-0.3Mo-0.25Y 2 O 3 (MA957) ODS ferritic steel. Both the non-irradiated and irradiated compressive yield stresses of the MA 957 micro-pillars were in good agreement with bulk yield stress values reported in the literature, suggesting that the lift-out micro-pillar compression testing technique is a promising method. The demonstration of these techniques on ion beam and neutron irradiated ODS steels and ion beam RAF/M steels gives information to inform models of the material degradation during use in a fusion device.

alloys↗