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Systems and methods for ultra-high reliability (UHR) wireless communications systems and methods are disclosed. The disclosed UHR wireless communications systems and methods make the networked components on a communications infrastructure robust to interference caused by unintentional jamming, intermittent connectivity, weather, and physical barriers.
Apparatuses and methods for tapping serial communications and transforming the serial data into a format appropriate for routable networks are significant for purposes of security and troubleshooting, especially in critical infrastructure networks. Communication taps should be completely passive such that any failure would not interrupt the serial communications. Furthermore, automatic determination of unspecified serial protocol frames allow general implementation across various networks, or across devices within a single network, without the need to customize for each implementation.
A communication system is provided that includes a first quantum key distribution device configured to be coupled to a second quantum key distribution device over a quantum channel that communicates a quantum state via the quantum channel, a classical device coupled to the first quantum key distribution device with a connection cable to provide a communication path between the classical device and the first quantum key distribution device, and a quantum channel carrier engaging the connection cable. The quantum channel carrier is configured to, responsive to movement of the connection cable, disrupt a quantum state within the quantum channel.
Apparatuses, systems and methods are disclosed for wireless communication. A base station may communicate with a plurality of user equipments (UEs) without allocating spectral resources to the UEs for communicating scheduling requests. The base station may detect a scheduling request from a requesting UE of the plurality of UEs. The scheduling request may include a spread spectrum signal based on a spreading sequence. The scheduling request may indicate an identity for a requesting UE without indicating information other than the identity. The base station may grant spectral resources to the requesting UE in response to detecting a scheduling request.
Systems and methods for ultra-high reliability (UHR) wireless communications systems and methods are disclosed. The disclosed UHR wireless communications systems and methods make the networked components on a communications infrastructure robust to interference caused by unintentional jamming, intermittent connectivity, weather, and physical barriers.
Generative AI has brought great innovations across multiple fields, offering great tools for enhanced communication and efficiency. This project focused on developing a custom AI chatbot using OpenAI's Chat GPT (GPT-4o) to support the Fermilab communications team. An analysis identified Chat GPT as the optimal choice, leading to the adoption of its team version and the implementation of a real-time JSON schema for website scanning. Four distinct personas were created to tailor responses to specific audiences, and Fermilab's published content was uploaded to ensure tone consistency. The training involved iterative prompt trials, resulting in a responsive and effective communication assistant. Initial evaluations indicate that the custom GPT shows promise.
California is facing three major challenges in electrical grid operation: renewable overgeneration, steep evening ramping, and growing peak demand. The state has identified dynamic retail price response as a key strategy evidenced by CPUC’s Dynamic Rates proceeding and CEC’s Load Management Standards. Furthermore, the CEC launched a $16M “California Load Flexibility Research and Deployment Hub (CalFlexHub)” administered by Berkeley Lab to accelerate price-response flexible load technologies in buildings and EV charging. There are more than 16 laboratory and field demonstration projects in CalFlexHub, each demonstrating innovative automated price-response technologies. CalFlexHub tests various pathways through which hourly price signals and triggered control commands are communicated to load-flexible devices such as smart thermostats, heat pumps, water heaters, and EVs. We identified seven unique communication and control pathways, which involve combinations of third-party cloud, device OEM’s cloud, building central gateway, and local controller in between the price server and the load-flexible devices. It is important for utilities and policy makers to understand the long-term implications of each pathway in designing future programs and creating related policies and mandates for market transformation. We propose an evaluation framework including the following aspects: ● Functionality: connectivity and uptime, resilience, and optimization; ● Customer experience: simplicity in setup, troubleshooting support, continuity, customer choice, first cost, and ongoing cost; ● Business model and scalability: advance interoperability, holistic solution, bridge unique gap, customer base, and value streams and pricing structures. In this paper, we identify emerging business models associated with each communication pathway and discuss their positive features and challenges from the above aspects.
With the transformational New Radio- Unlicensed (NR-U), 5G network can be operated with unlicensed and shared spectrum. Private 5G networks without any licensed bands, which are both highly expensive and usually available to only large commercial wireless providers, can now be used for a whole range of new applications including smart factories, warehouses, connected cars and drones. 5G’s support of a) massive machine type communication (mMTC) for a large number of connected devices with b) ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) capability when needed, and c) up to 20 times higher data rate with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) than previously available, enables new and powerful capabilities in a wireless network. While these capabilities are transformational, necessary security and reliability requirements have to be satisfied when used in critical infrastructure such as factories, power plants, water systems, ports, and other industrial facilities. 5G standards have introduced significant security improvement over 4G/LTE as well as mitigations for new attack surfaces created by changes in the 5G network. This talk will discuss these security improvements and whether they meet the security properties required for mission critical communication over wireless.
Apparatuses and methods for tapping serial communications and transforming the serial data into a format appropriate for routable networks are significant for purposes of security and troubleshooting, especially in critical infrastructure networks. Communication taps should be completely passive such that any failure would not interrupt the serial communications. Furthermore, automatic determination of unspecified serial protocol frames allow general implementation across various networks, or across devices within a single network, without the need to customize for each implementation.
This study introduces a novel “Digital Grid Twin–Direct Communication Scheme” test bed. This advanced platform evaluates point-to-point communication between transmitter and receiver relays with optical fiber and radio omnidirectional antenna systems, implemented at the Advanced Protection lab in the Grid Research Innovation and Development Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Future Industry 4.0 scenarios are characterized by seamless integration between computational and physical processes. To achieve this objective, dense platforms made of small sensing nodes and other resource constraint devices are ubiquitously deployed. All these devices have a limited number of computational resources, just enough to perform the simple operation they are in charge of. The remaining operations are delegated to powerful gateways that manage sensing nodes, but resources are never unlimited, and as more and more devices are deployed on Industry 4.0 platforms, gateways present more problems to handle massive machine-type communications. Although the problems are diverse, those related to security are especially critical. To enable sensing nodes to establish secure communications, several semiconductor companies are currently promoting a new generation of devices based on Physical Unclonable Functions, whose usage grows every year in many real industrial scenarios. Those hardware devices do not consume any computational resource but force the gateway to keep large key-value catalogues for each individual node. In this context, memory usage is not scalable and processing delays increase exponentially with each new node on the platform. In this paper, we address this challenge through predictor-corrector models, representing the key-value catalogues. Models are mathematically complex, but we argue that they consume less computational resources than current approaches. The lightweight models are based on complex functions managed as Laurent series, cubic spline interpolations, and Boolean functions also developed as series. Unknown parameters in these models are predicted, and eventually corrected to calculate the output value for each given key. The initial parameters are based on the Kane Yee formula. An experimental analysis and a performance evaluation are provided in the experimental section, showing that the proposed approach causes a significant reduction in the resource consumption.
Abstract Communication and collaboration are key science competencies that support sharing of scientific knowledge with experts and non‐experts alike. On the one hand, they facilitate interdisciplinary conversations between students, educators, and researchers, while on the other they improve public awareness, enable informed choices, and impact policy decisions. Herein, we describe an interdisciplinary undergraduate course focused on using data from various bioinformatics data resources to explore the molecular underpinnings of diabetes mellitus (Types 1 and 2) and introducing students to science communication. Building on course materials and original student‐generated artifacts, a series of collaborative activities engaged students, educators, researchers, healthcare professionals and community members in exploring, learning about, and discussing the molecular bases of diabetes. These collaborations generated novel educational materials and approaches to learning and presenting complex ideas about major global health challenges in formats accessible to diverse audiences.
In heterogeneous catalysis, unexpected effects from the supposedly inert reactor dilutant are not rare, but related understanding is lacking and inconsistent. Here we report investigations of the impacts of the anatase TiO 2 dilutant on the reverse water-gas shift (rWGS) reaction over Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Combining detailed kinetic data with microscopic and spectroscopic results, we demonstrate that the catalyst-dilutant communication depends on temperature. At high temperature (400 °C), Pt migrate from Al 2 O 3 to TiO 2 , resulting in higher dispersion and activity, without changing reaction mechanisms. The Pt migration is general to catalysts of different Pt nuclearity and various oxide dilutants. In contrast, at low temperature (250 °C), carboxylic acids (in particular acetic acid) present in the ambient air and adsorbed on TiO 2 are transferred onto Al 2 O 3 in close contact, effectively blocking the formate rWGS pathway. As a result, the rWGS can only proceed through the carboxyl pathway, and hence is significantly slower. The acetate transfer affects catalysts of different Pt nuclearity and support, but is unique to anatase TiO 2 dilutant. As the acetate layer is slowly removed under H 2 or the rWGS stream, the activity recovers. This work elucidates the complicated communication between catalysts and dilutants, which has general implications in heterogeneous catalysis, and resolves inconsistency in related reports in the literature. Finally, the impacts that anatase TiO 2 dilution has on the rWGS also unveil mechanistic understanding that further confirms the two co-existing rWGS pathways.
We consider related problems in quantum communications: distribution of information and a secret key between a sender and several receivers. We study the gain of participants of communication protocols both from the use of collective measurements and from collective actions at the transmitter’s side related to the employment of entangled states and various actions on them. (paper)
Dry cask storage is one of two storage methods approved by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for spent fuel after removal from reactor cores. Dry casks consist of a stainless steel canister enclosed in a concrete overpack to contain the hazardous radioactive spent fuel rods and provide radiation shielding. Monitoring spent fuel storage casks is desired to ensure the safe containment of the enclosed spent fuel, but is very difficult due to the related harsh temperature and radiation environment. The sensors and associated electronics to monitor temperature, pressure, and/or radiation need to survive high temperatures and radiation doses for extended time periods. For this reason, there is a severe need for radiation-hardened electrical systems that survive well beyond the existing capabilities of commercially available radiation-rated electronic components, which have primarily been developed for space applications. Junction-gate field-effect transistor (JFET) devices are inherently radiation hardened [exceeding 100 Mrad (Si)]. Additionally, when JFETs are used as building blocks for sensing and communication electronics (i.e., oscillators, amplifiers, filters, and mixers), inherently radiation-hardened circuits can be achieved. To this end, JFET-based radiation-hardened electronics interfacing with cask-embedded sensors capable of driving modulated sensor signals through a stainless steel barrier were designed and tested at a dose rate of approximately 500 krad/h (Si) to beyond a 200-Mrad (Si) total ionizing dose. After 200 Mrad (Si), the sensor and communication circuit signals were correctly decoded at the receiver despite oscillator drift. The results from this experiment demonstrate the potential for creating more complex radiation-hardened JFET-based electrical systems for nuclear environments.
Quantum communication test beds provide a useful resource for experimentally investigating a variety of communication protocols. Here we demonstrate a superconducting circuit test bed with bidirectional multiphoton state transfer capability using time -domain shaped wave packets. Further, the system we use to achieve this comprises two remote nodes, each including a tunable superconducting transmon qubit and a tunable microwave -frequency resonator, linked by a 2 m-long superconducting coplanar waveguide, which serves as a transmission line. We transfer both individual and superposition Fock states between the two remote nodes, and additionally show that this bidirectional state transfer can be done simultaneously, as well as being used to entangle elements in the two nodes.
This paper proposes an optimal controller and estimator for energy dispatch to balance the power supply and demand considering communication delays. The proposed algorithm involves modeling an autonomous nanogrid (ANG) consisting of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, loads, an $H$ ∞ controller with a reference power modulation technique, and a state estimator. The ANG was developed to express the dynamic supply-demand energy balance of a nanogird system. Reference power modulation was designed to generate the desired ESS power based on the imbalanced energy. Random communication delays were modeled using a stochastic variable satisfying the Bernoulli random binary distribution. The optimal $H$ ∞ controller and estimator were developed using a linear matrix inequality approach to exponentially stabilize the closed-loop system. Simulations were performed using real daily demand forecasts obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed real-time optimization algorithm.
As the coordination of distributed energy re-sources becomes more necessary to provide grid services through a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS), studying the communication requirements for suc-cessful real-world, low-cost implementation becomes increasingly important. Specifically, this paper studies the necessary communication time resolutions between the different system components for a primal-dual-based DERMS, a highly de-veloped DERMS framework. We design a metric to evaluate the functionality of a DERMS with respect to providing grid services. Using numerical simulations based on a real-world feeder in Colorado, we show that the upper bound on the time resolutions is on the order of minutes instead of the previously assumed order of seconds.