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At least 181 records · Page 10

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NASA NTRS1972

The radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system as measured from the Nimbus 3 satellite /1969-1970/.

Data from the Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment on Nimbus 3 have provided global radiance measurements during four seasons (April 1969-February 1970). From these data, values of the total radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system were derived on varying time and space scales and were compared with previous satellite measurements and theoretical computations. Results confirm earlier satellite measurements. They show a warmer and darker planet than was previously believed. In addition, the Nimbus 3 data offer the first medium resolution views of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' radiation budgets during all seasons.

Vonder Haar, T. H.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Earth radiation budget measurement from a spinning satellite: Conceptual design of detectors

The conceptual design, sensor characteristics, sensor performance and accuracy, and spacecraft and orbital requirements for a spinning wide-field-of-view earth energy budget detector were investigated. The scientific requirements for measurement of the earth's radiative energy budget are presented. Other topics discussed include the observing system concept, solar constant radiometer design, plane flux wide FOV sensor design, fast active cavity theory, fast active cavity design and error analysis, thermopile detectors as an alternative, pre-flight and in-flight calibration plane, system error summary, and interface requirements.

Sromovsky, L. A.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Heat budget of ionospheric electrons

Heat input calculations were detached from solar extreme UV data and monatomic oxygen densities were derived from simultaneously measured data sets (ion composition 146-191 km) in a study of the heat budget of ionosphere electrons. Earlier inferences that cooling predominates over heating are supported. A search for additional heat sources or a revision of the cooling rates is recommended, by way of balancing the heat budget. Importance is attached to electron cooling by fine structure excitation of monatomic oxygen.

Prasad, S. S.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Design definition study of the Earth radiation budget satellite system

Instruments for measuring the radiation budget components are discussed, and the conceptual design of instruments for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) are reported. Scanning and nonscanning assemblies are described. The ERBSS test program is also described.

Vonderhaar, T. H.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System

The scientific objectives of an Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) are discussed along with the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis, and the instrument systems. High resolution data on the scale of about 250 km over the entire globe are essential to gain insight into such features as the development of sea-surface temperature anomalies, radiation effects of ice and snow cover on the atmospheric circulation, albedo variation in the desert-vegetation boundaries, and major long-period circulation phenomena. The ERBSS experiment is also viewed as a precursor of an operational satellite system for monitoring the earth's radiation budget. Various numbers of satellites and orbit inclinations have been analyzed to define the satellite combination which provides sufficient coverage of the earth for spatial and temporal radiation sampling.

Woerner, C. V.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The earth radiation budget satellite system for climate research

The mission implications of providing earth radiation budget data for climate studies have been thoroughly studied. The results of these studies indicate the need for a multisensor, multisatellite system consisting of high and midinclination orbits. To meet this need, NASA and NOAA are planning a joint Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) composed of instruments on two of NOAA's near-polar Sun-synchronous TIROS-N/NOAA A through G series of operational satellites and on an NASA midinclination satellite of the Applications Explorer Mission (AEM) type referred to as ERBS-A/AEM. This paper describes the scientific objectives of ERBSS, the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis (sampling), and instrument definition.

Woerner, C. V.↗

NASA NTRS1978

System considerations for an earth radiation budget scanning radiometer

The objective of the scanning radiometer of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System is to measure the longwave and reflected shortwave radiation from the earth on a gridwork of approximately 250 km square regions in order to obtain one-month averages of flux with global coverage to an accuracy of 14 W/sq m. A number of considerations in the choice of some of the design parameters of the scanner are discussed. The error sources which must be considered in the design of a scanning radiometer designed to measure regional radiation budget are examined. An analysis of the system performance through spatial averaging is presented. The analysis provides insight into the effects of field of view, time response, onboard processing and spatial averaging.

Smith, G. L.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The earth radiation budget satellite system of the early 1980's

The overall program objective of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System is to gather the required radiation budget data and apply these data for a better understanding and prediction of climate. The paper describes the planned system, including the instruments and the associated sampling strategies and data analysis methods. Examination of mission implications reveals the need for a multisensor, multisatellite system consisting of high- and mid-inclination orbits. Each spacecraft will carry wide and medium field-of-view sensors, a sensor for measuring the solar constant, and a narrow field-of-view cross-track scanner.

Cooper, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Sampling analysis for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System mission based on orbital coverage and cloud variability

It is pointed out that accurate computation of the earth's radiation budget from satellite measurements requires spatial and temporal sampling which accounts for variations in cloud and surface conditions. It is in this connection important that cloud radiative properties and areal cloud cover be accurately determined for the desired time period. The reported investigation represents an extension of a study by Harrison et al. (1976). The time and space coverage capabilities of various sampling schemes are analyzed for the proposed Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System. The effects of cloud cover variability on the measured monthly mean reflected shortwave (0.2-5.0 micrometers) irradiance are also analyzed for several spatial scales.

Harrison, E. F.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Directional models for analysis of earth radiation budget measurements

The determination of the radiation heat flux densities at the top of the atmosphere (30 km) for spatial scales ranging from global to regional is necessary for the conversion of satellite irradiance measurements into useful earth radiation budget information. Data reduction algorithms are required which contain assumed directional characteristics of radiation emitted and scattered from the earth-atmosphere system. The directional characteristics are defined by models which express, for a given surface element at the top of the atmosphere, the exiting flux per unit solid angle for each direction out to space as a fraction of the total hemispheric flux exiting the surface element. Both longwave and shortwave directional radiation models are analyzed. It is found that the validity of the Nimbus 2-based limb darkening curves has generally been verified for the longwave data with the exception of the Antarctic snow fields where limb brightening was noticed in the earth radiation budget data.

Suttles, J. T.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Performance of fused silica as a filter in a wide field-of-view earth radiation budget radiometer

The thermal response of the fused silica dome filter in an earth radiation budget WFOV shortwave channel conceptual design and the impact of that response on the channel measurement, is described. Attention is given to results from design definition and performance analysis studies. Consideration is given to problems associated with achieving the desired levels of confidence in a high accuracy filtered earth radiation budget WFOV radiometer. Finally, design approaches, ground calibration, and data reduction techniques that minimize measurement uncertainties are covered.

Cooper, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment /ERBE/ - An overview

An overview of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is presented along with a brief history relative to the evolution of the ERBE science measurement requirements. A description of the ERBE instrument is presented which includes both the non-scanner and scanner instrument packages. In addition, ERBE science investigations are summarized. The ERBE, to be flown on a three-satellite mission in the 1980's will, for the first time, provide radiation measurements with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to determine the monthly average radiation budget on regional, zonal, and global scales and the diurnal variation on regional and monthly scales.

Barkstrom, B. R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Radiation budget measurement/model interface research

The NIMBUS 6 data were analyzed to form an up to date climatology of the Earth radiation budget as a basis for numerical model definition studies. Global maps depicting infrared emitted flux, net flux and albedo from processed NIMBUS 6 data for July, 1977, are presented. Zonal averages of net radiation flux for April, May, and June and zonal mean emitted flux and net flux for the December to January period are also presented. The development of two models is reported. The first is a statistical dynamical model with vertical and horizontal resolution. The second model is a two level global linear balance model. The results of time integration of the model up to 120 days, to simulate the January circulation, are discussed. Average zonal wind, meridonal wind component, vertical velocity, and moisture budget are among the parameters addressed.

Vonderhaar, T. H.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Orbital and cloud cover sampling analyses for multisatellite earth radiation budget experiments

Computer simulations have been performed to determine the geographical and temporal coverage of various satellite orbits and scanning and nonscanning radiometers for earth radiation budget measurements. These results were used to simulate the sampling of a diurnally varying cloud and radiation field for several different satellite systems to estimate errors in regional monthly mean reflected radiation. The combined results indicate that coincient observations with a minimum of one sun-synchronous satellite and a midinclined orbit satellite are needed to obtain the required regional, zonal, and global coverage with sufficient temporal sampling for obtaining accurate estimates of monthly mean reflected solar radiation. Overall, the best sampling capability and lowest errors were obtained with a three-satellite system, i.e., two sun-synchronous satellites with different equatorial crossing times combined with either a 46 or 57-deg orbit satellite. The results from these analyses have been used in defining a joint NASA-NOAA multisatellite mission for an earth radiation budget experiment.

Harrison, E. F.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The influence of convective activity on the vorticity budget

The influence of convective activity on the vorticity budget was determined during the AVE VII and AVE-SESAME I periods. This was accomplished by evaluating each term in the expanded vorticity equation with twisting and tilting and friction representing the residual of all other terms. Convective areas were delineated by use of radar summary charts. The influence of convective activity was established by analyzing contoured fields of each term as well as numerical values and profiles of the various terms in convective and nonconvective areas. Vertical motion was computed by the kinematic method, and all computations were performed over the central United States using a grid spacing of 158 km. The results show that, in convective areas in particular, the residual is of comparable magnitude to the horizontal advection and divergence terms, and therefore, cannot be neglected. In convective areas, the residual term represents a sink of vorticity below 500 mb and a strong source near 300 mb. In nonconvective areas, the residual was small in magnitude at all levels, but tended to be negative (vorticity sink) at 300 mb. The local change term, over convective areas, tended to be balanced by the residual term, and appeared to be a good indicator of development (vorticity becoming more cyclonic). Finally, the shape of the vertical profiles of the term in the budget equation agreed with those found by other investigators for easterly waves, but the terms were one order of magnitude larger than those for easterly waves.

Townsend, T. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Passive exposure of Earth radiation budget experiment components (A0147)

In-flight calibration for the solr and Earth flux channels was examined. Earth Radiation on Budget (ERB) channel components were exposed to the space environment and then retrieved and resubmitted to radiometric calibration after exposure. It is suggested that corrections may be applied to ERB results and information will be obtained to aid in the selection of components for future operational solar and Earth radiation budget experiments. To assure that these high accuracy devices are measuring real variations and are not responding to changes induced by the space environment, it is desirable to test such devices radiometrically after exposure to the best approximation of the orbital environment.

Hickey, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1984

A comparison of the spectral energy and enstrophy budgets of blocking versus nonblocking periods

Data from the winters of 1978-79 and 1976-77 are analyzed in an attempt to identify any systematic differences in the time mean spectral energy and enstrophy budgets of blocking events in comparison with nonblocking periods. It is found that the most noteworthy differences between the spectral energy and enstrophy budgets of blocking versus nonblocking periods are in the nonlinear interaction terms. It is suggested that an explanation of the greater predictability of the Rex-type blocking found by Bengtsson (1981) might be found in the reversal of low wavenumber enstrophy cascade. This may indicate that the destruction of large-scale vorticity by down-scale cascade and eventual dissipation is greatly reduced or eliminated during blocking events. As a result, blocking patterns may be more persistent and therefore more predictable.

Hansen, A. R.↗

NASA NTRS1984

The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment - An overview

The development of ERB observational systems is traced from its beginnings in the late 1950's through to the current ERB on the Nimbus 7 satellite. The instruments comprising the current 22-channel ERB experiment are described in some detail. Noteworthy are the inclusion in one solar channel, of a self-calibrating cavity to measure the solar constant and the use of biaxial scanning telescopes to determine the angular reflection and emission model required for processing the narrow-angle radiometric data. A fairly detailed description of the prelaunch and in-flight calibrations is given along with an analysis of the radiometric performance of the instruments. The data processing system is traced with the aid of a schematic flow diagram showing the steps required to produce the many tape and microfilm products archived. Future plans for improving the quality and accuracy of the data products are discussed. Finally, the upcoming Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is briefly mentioned. It will be capable of simultaneously measuring the radiation budget from three satellites, each having a different equator crossing time and angle.

Jacobowitz, H.↗