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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

Biphasic solvents for post-combustion CO 2 capture from natural gas flue Gas

Fossil fuel fired power plants are generally expected to remain one of the most significant global sources of electricity for decades to come. Consequently, carbon management technologies are needed to reduce or eliminate ongoing emissions from these sources. Amongst the many techniques for carbon capture, aqueous amine-based absorbents (monoethanolamine, MEA, in particular) are, presently, considered the leading technology for post-combustion CO 2 point-source capture. These technologies are nevertheless limited by their high capital and regeneration energy costs. Biphasic solvents have been identified as an attractive alternative to traditional MEA based absorbents due to their potential energy savings. Thus far, however, the research on biphasic solvents has largely focused on their performance in coal flue gas while more dilute natural gas flue gas applications have received relatively little attention. Here, this work examines the performances of two novel biphasic solvent blends, diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA), in CO 2 capture from a natural gas flue gas simulant. Across several regeneration tests, both solvents achieved considerable energy savings over the benchmark MEA solution. Specifically, the energy consumption per mol CO 2 recovered for the DETA-based and TETA-based solvents was 46 % and 35 % less than that of the benchmark MEA solution, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to gain a deeper understanding of the phase separation phenomena that occur as a consequence of CO 2 absorption. These simulations indicated that phase change was driven by the strong interaction between the absorption products and water, while the degree of separation depended on the CO 2 loading.

Biphasic solvents↗

Minimizing thickness variation in monolithic U-10Mo fuel foil and Zr interlayer during hot rolling: A microstructure-based finite element method analysis

Low-enriched uranium alloyed with 10 wt. % molybdenum (U-10Mo) has been identified as a promising alternative to highly enriched uranium fuel for the United States’ high performance research reactors. The monolithic U-10Mo fuel plate consists of a metallic U-10Mo fuel foil with a 25 µm Zr interlayer and a relatively thick cladding of aluminum alloy 6061. The Zr interlayer is typically applied during the hot co-rolling process, and this process dictates the uniformity of the Zr interlayer. Thickness variation observed in the U-10Mo and Zr interlayer has been attributed to several sources: the initial grain size of the U-10Mo castings, can materials, rolling temperature, inhomogeneous molybdenum content, and porosity in the cast U-10Mo. This thickness variation limits the ability to meet the dimensional specification; thus, a better understanding of the factors causing the nonuniform thickness is needed. In this work, we used a novel, microstructure-based finite element method to model the hot rolling process to address these concerns. Grain microstructures in U-10Mo were tessellated and explicitly considered in the finite element model. Each grain was assigned a random material property to mimic the grain strength variations induced by different grain orientations. Simulations were performed using six steel can thicknesses, four grain sizes, and with or without a Zr interlayer to investigate the influences of those variables on the thickness nonuniformity. The simulation results showed that a thinner steel can and finer U-10Mo grain size reduce thickness variations in both the U-10Mo fuel foil and Zr interlayer. The direct findings from the simulations and analysis can be used to optimize the hot rolling schedule, reduce fabrication defects, and meet the dimensional specifications. The proposed microstructure-based finite element model can be also coupled with experimental microstructure characterization data, images, and models to simulate multi-pass hot rolling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Radioisotope replacement with compact electron linear accelerators

The replacement of radioactive sources with alternative technologies has been identified as a priority by international authorities, due to the risk of accidents and diversion by terrorists for use in Radiological Dispersal Devices. Many of these sources can be replaced with the X-rays produced by electron beams accelerated to MeV energies. However, the size, weight and costs of electron linacs must be significantly reduced to be considered for radioisotope replacement. RadiaBeam Technologies, LLC is developing a series of inexpensive compact electron accelerators in the 1–10 MeV range for radioisotope replacement such as Ir-192, Cs-137 and Co-60 for various applications. The dramatic level of miniaturization and cost-reduction was achieved thanks to the implementation of such innovative technologies as high-frequency magnetrons, split accelerating structure fabrication technology and solid-state Marx modulators. Here, in this paper, we overview RadiaBeam's compact linac developments, discuss the enabling technologies, and report on the current progress.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Evaluation of Rail Decarbonization Alternatives: Framework and Application

The Northwestern University Freight Rail Infrastructure & Energy Network Decarbonization (NUFRIEND) framework is a comprehensive industry-oriented tool for simulating the deployment of new energy technologies including biofuels, e-fuels, battery-electric, and hydrogen locomotives. By classifying fuel types into two categories based on deployment requirements, the associated optimal charging/fueling facility location and sizing problem are solved with a five-step framework. Life-cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) are used to estimate carbon reduction, capital investments, cost of carbon reduction, and operational impacts, enabling sensitivity analysis with operational and technological parameters. Here, the framework is illustrated on lower-carbon drop-in fuels as well as battery-electric technology deployments for the US Eastern and Western Class I railroad networks. Drop-in fuel deployments are modeled as admixtures with diesel in existing locomotives, while battery-electric deployments are shown for varying technology penetration levels and locomotive ranges. When mixed in a 50% ratio with diesel, results show biodiesel’s capacity to reduce emissions at 36% with a cost of $\$$ 0.13 per kilogram of CO 2 reduced, while e-fuels offer a potential reduction of 50% of emissions at a cost of $\$$ 0.22 per kilogram of CO 2 reduced. Battery-electric results for 50% deployment over all ton-miles highlight the value of future innovations in battery energy densities as scenarios assuming 800-mi range locomotives show an estimated emissions reduction of 46% with a cost of $\$$ 0.06 per kilogram of CO 2 reduced, compared with 16% emissions reduction at a cost of $\$$ 0.11 per kilogram of CO 2 reduced for 400-mi range locomotives. The NUFRIEND framework provides a systematic method for comparing different alternative energy technologies and identifying potential challenges and benefits in their future deployments.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Evaluation of Vacuum Pumps for Low-Tritium Applications

As fusion and other applications that require tritium processing capabilities become more prominent worldwide, it begins to strain the supply of tritium compatible pumps. In order to help alleviate the supply chain bottleneck, alternatives need to be identified that can help reduce the required number of tritium compatible pumps to strictly the primary process loop where tritium concentrations are high. This research is aimed at identifying vacuum pumps that can be used in low tritium environments (e.g., glovebox stripper systems, adsorbent regeneration, flush gas/inert line evacuation, etc.)

Angelette, Lucas M. [Savannah River National Labor↗

Citizen's actions

The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.

Source record↗

Technology assessment of future intercity passenger transportation systems. Volume 7: Study recommendations

Research and analysis tasks to alleviate negative impacts, to augment positive impacts, or to better understand the impacts produced by the potential introduction of the alternate transportation technologies are identified. The project team's recommendations on research and analysis efforts which have resulted from the technology assessment are provided. Many of the recommendations apply to the future supply of intercity passenger transportation services, categorized by mode. Other recommendations pertain to broad issues in intercity transportation--e.g., finance, regulation, traveler values--that will affect all modes.

Source record↗

Systems engineering overview for regenerative life-support systems applicable to space habitats

The Life-Support Systems Group of the 1977 NASA Ames Summer Study conducted analyses initially to identify areas where partial or complete closure of the life-support system, for various types of space habitats, should be considered, and to develop a sound methodology for identifying, screening, and evaluating alternative closure schemes. Results of these analyses, including the systems engineering considerations that affect technology-development planning and management for regenerative life-support systems, are discussed. A recommended methodology is also presented as a basis for future technology-development activities in this area.

Spurlock, J.↗

Bellows flow-induced vibrations

Results of theoretical and experimental investigations of bellows typical of those found in space shuttle external tanks are presented. Correlation parameters are identified which generalize the alternating stress calculations cited in an earlier study. Alternating stress amplitudes and mean stress levels form the basis of a fatigue analysis incorporating seven ordinate charts for 347 stainless steel, alloy 21 6-9, and Inco 718. A crack propagation model is included with a program for computing bellows fatigue life. Two phase flow and material hardness properties are discussed.

Johnson, J. E.↗

Heat flow control and segregation in directional solidification

Optimization of the vertical Bridgman technique for growth of electronic materials in single crystal form was investigated. The limitations of the crystal growth configuration were experimentally determined and heat transfer related deficiencies identified. Design of an alternate system was based on the use of heat pipes separated by a gradient region. Heat transfer analyses based on one and two dimensional models indicated the necessity of a flexible gradient zone configuration. Directional melting of binary systems as encountered during seeding in melt growth was analysed for concurrent compositional changes at the crystal-metal interface, and the theoretical treatment numerically applied to HgCdTe and Ga doped germanium. A theoretical and experimental study of the thermal effects associated with current flow was conducted. It was found that experimental measurements of dc induced growth during crystal pulling can be used for the precise determination of the Peltier coefficient.

Witt, A. F.↗

Analysis of atmosphere-sea ice interactions in the Arctic basin using ESMR microwave data

Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on Nimbus-5 are used to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of change in microwave brightness signatures of Arctic sea ice during a full annual cycle (1973/74). Interactions of ice conditions with the atmosphere are examined using grid point data for surface air temperature and atmospheric pressure. Principal components analysis is used to examine the major elements present in the microwave and atmospheric data. Component scores from these analyses are then used in a canonical correlation analysis to determine interassociations present between the ice and atmosphere in the Beaufort Sea and the European sectors on a synoptic time scale. The synoptic weather conditions associated with the pattern of snow melt on the ice in spring 1974 are described, and a clarification of possible alternative interpretations of features identified as polynyi occurring at 80-85 deg N during the late summer 1974 is presented.

Crane, R. G.↗

Heat pipe radiators for solar dynamic space power system heat rejection

The paper presents the results of a concept development study of heat rejection systems for Space Station solar dynamic power systems. The thermal performance and weights of each of the heat rejection subsystems have been addressed in detail, and critical technologies which require development tests and evaluation for successful demonstration were assessed and identified. Baseline and several alternate heat rejection system configurations and optimum designs were developed for both Brayton and Rankine cycles. The thermal performance, mass properties, assembly requirements, reliability, maintenance requirements, and life cycle costs were determined for each of the system configurations. Trade studies were performed on each configuration with respect to the heat pipe wall thickness and the amount of redundancy to determine the effects on system reliability, maintenance requirements, and life cycle costs. An optimum design was then selected for each configuration.

Gustafson, Eric↗

Limiting depth of magnetization in cratonic lithosphere

Values of magnetic susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of clino-pyroxene-garnet-plagioclase granulite facies lower crustal xenoliths from a kimberlite in west Africa are correlated to bulk geochemistry and specific gravity. Thermomagnetic and alternating-field demagnetization analyses identify magnetite (Mt) and native iron as the dominant magnetic phases (totaling not more than 0.1 vol pct of the rocks) along with subsidiary sulfides. Oxidation states of the granulites are not greater than MW, observed Mt occurs as rims on coarse (about 1 micron) Fe particles, and inferred single domain-pseudosingle domain Mt may be a result of oxidation of fine-grained Fe. The deepest limit of lithospheric ferromagnetism is 95 km, but a limit of 70 km is most reasonable for the West African Craton and for modeling Magsat anomalies over exposed Precambrian shields.

Toft, Paul B.↗

Solar dynamic heat rejection technology. Task 1: System concept development

The results are presented of a concept development study of heat rejection systems for Space Station solar dynamic power systems. The heat rejection concepts are based on recent developments in high thermal transport capacity heat pipe radiators. The thermal performance and weights of each of the heat rejection subsystems is addressed in detail, and critical technologies which require development tests and evaluation for successful demonstration are assessed and identified. Baseline and several alternate heat rejection system configurations and optimum designs are developed for both Brayton and Rankine cycles. The thermal performance, mass properties, assembly requirements, reliability, maintenance requirements and life cycle cost are determined for each configuration. A specific design was then selected for each configuration which represents an optimum design for that configuration. The final recommendations of heat rejection system configuration for either the Brayton or Rankine cycles depend on the priorities established for the evaluation criteria.

Gustafson, Eric↗

Hazard avoidance for a Mars rover

The challenging geology of the surface of Mars, when coupled with the impossibility of continuous remote driving from earth, dictate the need for autonomous hazard detection, recognition and possibly hazard avoidance capabilities onboard any robotic Mars roving vehicle. The main technical issues represented by terrain hazards are accidental damage and vehicle entrapment. Several approaches to vehicle design geared to prevent such immobilization threats are identified. The gamut of alternatives for rover autonomy are also presented, and the applicability of the various options for the Mars Rover/Sample Return mission are assessed in the context of the technology state of the art for hazard sensors and processing algorithms.

Spiessbach, Andrew J.↗

Non-aqueous cleaning solvent substitution

A variety of environmental, safety, and health concerns exist over use of chlorinated and fluorinated cleaning solvents. Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, and the Kansas City Division of AlliedSignal have combined efforts to focus on finding alternative cleaning solvents and processes which are effective, environmentally safe, and compliant with local, state, and federal regulations. An alternative solvent has been identified, qualified, and implemented into production of complex electronic assemblies, where aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning processes are not allowed. Extensive compatibility studies were performed with components, piece-parts, and materials. Electrical testing and accelerated aging were used to screen for detrimental, long-term effects. A terpene, d-limonene, was selected as the solvent of choice, and it was found to be compatible with the components and materials tested. A brief history of the overall project will be presented, along with representative cleaning efficiency results, compatibility results, and residual solvent data. The electronics industry is constantly searching for proven methods and environmentally-safe materials to use in manufacturing processes. The information in this presentation will provide another option to consider on future projects for applications requiring high levels of quality, reliability, and cleanliness from non-aqueous cleaning processes.

Meier, Gerald J.↗

Nucleosynthesis in AGB stars: Observation of Mg-25 and Mg-26 in IRC+10216 and possible detection of Al-26

We report the detection in the circumstellar envelope IRC+10216 of millimeter lines of the rare isotopomers (25)MgNC and (26)MgNC, as well as of a line at 234433 MHz, which could be the J= 7-6 transition of (26)AlF (an alternate, although less likely identified would be the J= 9-8 transition of NaF). The derived Mg-24:Mg-25:Mg-26 isotopic abundance ratios (78 : 11+/- 1 : 11 +/-1) are consistent with the solar system values (79.0:10.0:11.0), following Anders & Grevesse 1989). According to new calculations of evolutionary models of 3 solar mass and 5 solar mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, these ratios and the previously measured N, O and Si isotopic ratios imply that the central star had an initial mass 3 solar mass (less than or equal to M(sub *, ini) less than 5 solar mass and has already experienced many 3rd dredge-up events. From this, it can be predicted that the Al-26/Al-27 isotopics ratio lies between 0.01 and 0.08; in fact, the value derived in the case that U234433 arises from (26)AlF is Al-26/Al-27 = 0.04. The identification of the (25)MgNC and (26)MgNC lines was made possible by ab-initio quantum mechanical calculations of the molecule geometrical structure. It was confirmed through millimeter-wave laboratory measurements. The quantum mechanical calculations are briefly described and the laboratory results presented in some detail. The rotation constants B, D, H and the spin-rotation constant gamma of (25)MgNC and (26)MgNC are determined from a fit of laboratory and astronomical data.

Guelin, M.↗

Constraints on the Formation of the Terrestrial Planets from Experimental Geochemistry

The abundances of V, Cr, and Mn in the mantles of the Earth and Moon are very similar, and are distinct from all other sampled solar system bodies. This similarity has led to the suggestion that there is a genetic relationship between the Earth and Moon, more specifically, that the Moon was derived from the mantle of the Earth after formation of the core. This proposal is at odds with the Giant Impact paradigm of lunar origin and our current understanding of the formation of the terrestrial planets. During the award period, some of the necessary experimental procedures were developed. Specifically, an assembly design has been developed to permit heating of metal by insulating it from highly conducting diamond. A Nd-YAG laser was assembled, aligned and tested. The technique for preparation of the run products for electron microprobe analysis was developed, and an alternative approach has been identified. A scheme to carry out polybaric experiments on a single charge was developed. The experiments carried out did not lead to conclusive results, and the arguments advanced by Drake et aL (1989) and Drake (1990) remain the best summary of the status of the problem.

Drake, Michael J.↗