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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

Accurate and Accelerated Neuromorphic Network Design Leveraging A Bayesian Hyperparameter Pareto Optimization Approach

Neuromorphic systems allow for extremely efficient hardware implementations for neural networks (NNs). In recent years, several algorithms have been presented to train spiking NNs (SNNs) for neuromorphic hardware. However, SNNs often provide lower accuracy than their artificial NNs (ANNs) counterparts or require computationally expensive and slow training/inference methods. To close this gap, designers typically rely on reconfiguring SNNs through adjustments in the neuron/synapse model or training algorithm itself. Nevertheless, these steps incur significant design time, while still lacking the desired improvement in terms of training/inference times (latency). Designing SNNs that can mimic the accuracy of ANNs with reasonable training times is an exigent challenge in neuromorphic computing. In this work, we present an alternative approach that looks at such designs as an optimization problem rather than algorithm or architecture redesign. We develop a versatile multiobjective hyperparameter optimization (HPO) for automatically tuning HPs of two state-of-the-art SNN training algorithms, SLAYER and HYBRID. We emphasize that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work trying to improve SNNs’ computational efficiency, accuracy, and training time using an efficient HPO. We demonstrate significant performance improvements for SNNs on several datasets without the need to redesign or invent new training algorithms/architectures. Our approach results in more accurate networks with lower latency and, in turn, higher energy efficiency than previous implementations. In particular, we demonstrate improvement in accuracy and more than 5× reduction in the training/inference time for the SLAYER algorithm on the DVS Gesture dataset. In the case of HYBRID, we demonstrate 30% reduction in timesteps while surpassing the accuracy of the state-of-the-art networks on CIFAR10. Further, our analysis suggests that even a seemingly minor change in HPs could change the accuracy by 5 - 6×.

Parsa, Maryam↗

Evaluation of Data Lake Design for the Accelerator Control System

In this modern world, the user expects faster processing and real-time response to operate accelerator control devices. The existing framework with its infrastructure does not have the ability to satisfy these future needs. Therefore, modernization is required to reach industry standards and develop a modular framework that can provide flexibility and dynamic scalability. The data lake architecture, comprising three layers, ingestion, processing, and data consumption, provides flexibility and scalability to meet current and future demands for the accelerator control system.

Jaikar, Amol [Fermilab]↗

2021 Prototype Design Development Awardee: Accelerate Wind, Inc.

In the United States, rooftop photovoltaic systems can be installed on most commercial buildings. However, even if all available rooftop space is used, solar energy cannot satisfy the building's total energy demand. With many building owners trying to move toward net-zero-carbon-emission energy generation, these customers often have no way to achieve this goal on-site. Rooftop wind energy technology could be an option, but most rooftop wind turbines are not economically viable because they do not produce meaningful amounts of energy and are not likely to pay for themselves within their lifetime. Some rooftop wind turbine companies have attempted to exploit the fact that wind naturally speeds up at the edge of a roof; but, so far, these solutions have also struggled to produce significant energy because only a small portion of that wind can be captured so close to the edge of the roof.

CIP↗

FPGA Acceleration of GCN in Light of the Symmetry of Graph Adjacency Matrix

Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCNs) are widely used to process large-scale graph data. Different from deep neural networks (DNNs), GCNs are sparse, irregular, and unstructured, posing unique challenges to hardware acceleration with regular processing elements (PEs). In particular, the adjacency matrix of a GCN is extremely sparse, leading to frequent but irregular memory access, low spatial/temporal data locality and poor data reuse. Furthermore, a realistic graph usually consists of unstructured data (e.g., unbalanced distributions), creating significantly different processing times and imbalanced workload for each node in GCN acceleration. To overcome these challenges, we propose an end-to-end hardware-software co-design to accelerate GCNs on resource-constrained FPGAs with the features including: (1) A custom dataflow that leverages symmetry along the diagonal of the adjacency matrix to accelerate feature aggregation for undirected graphs. We utilize either the upper or the lower triangular matrix of the adjacency matrix to perform aggregation in GCN to improve data reuse. (2) Unified compute cores for both aggregation and transform phases, with full support to the symmetry-based dataflow. These cores can be dynamically reconfigured to the systolic mode for transformation or as individual accumulators for aggregation in GCN processing. (3) Preprocessing of the graph in software to rearrange the edges and features to match the custom dataflow. This step improves the regularity in memory access and data reuse in the aggregation phase. Moreover, we quantize the GCN precision from FP32 to INT8 to reduce the memory footprint without losing the inference accuracy. We implement our accelerator design in Intel Stratix10 MX FPGA board with HBM2, and demonstrate 1.3x-110.5x improvement in end-to-end GCN latency as compared to the state-of the-art FPGA implementations, on the graph datasets of Cora, Pubmed, Citeseer and Reddit.

Nair, Gopikrishnan R.↗

Community Toolkit for Designing and Implementing a Contractor Accelerator Program

This toolkit is designed to provide communities with an overview of the methodology and approach to designing, developing, and implementing contractor development programs. These programs support small businesses from historically under-represented communities so that they can better compete and become leaders in the clean energy marketplace. The toolkit was developed by Elevate and NREL for the Communities LEAP program.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Bioenergy Research: Opportunities and Challenges

The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) with automated experimentation, genomics, biosystems design, and bioprocessing technologies is poised to revolutionize scientific investigation and, particularly, bioenergy research. To identify the opportunities and challenges in this emerging research area, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Biological and Environmental Research program (BER) and Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) held a joint virtual workshop on AI/ML for Bioenergy Research (AMBER) on August 23–25, 2022. These interests have since been amplified in a September 2022 Executive Order, “Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure U.S. Bioeconomy,” to promote a whole-of government approach to biotechnology development (White House 2022). Approximately 50 scientists with various backgrounds and expertise from academia, industry, and DOE national laboratories met to discuss the opportunities and challenges of AI/ML for bioenergy research. Workshop participants were tasked with assessing the potential for AI/ML and laboratory automation to advance biological understanding and engineering in general. They particularly examined how integrating AI/ML tools with laboratory automation could accelerate biosystems design and optimize biomanufacturing. Discussions included the data and computational infrastructure needed to augment biosystems design applications and the expertise and workforce development efforts urgently required to shift integrated systems toward bioenergy research more broadly. Participants discussed many existing and future applications of AI/ML for biosystems design ranging from enzymes to plants and microbes, microbiomes, and bioprocess development. They also identified three key categories of scientific and technical opportunities and challenges: high-quality data, AI/ML algorithms, and laboratory automation. Several main takeaways emerged from the workshop: 1. Numerous AI/ML and automated experimentation applications exist for a variety of DOE mission needs in energy and the environment; 2. Exemplary research grand challenges for which AI/ML could provide solutions include: building microbes and microbial communities to specifications, developing closed-loop autonomous design and control for biosystems design, and advancing scale-up and automation; 3. Lack of sufficient high-quality, annotated data hinders the development of AI/ML applications; 4. New and improved AI/ML tools are needed, particularly those meeting the specific needs of the BER and BETO research communities; 5. Trade-offs in performance, cost, and reliability exist between deploying commercially available versus building custom-developed instrumentation and software for automated or autonomous experimentation; translation of manual to automated or autonomous methods is often a nontrivial endeavor; 6. Training a new generation of young scientists who can develop and apply AI/ML tools is needed to solve long-standing scientific challenges in bioenergy research. The integration of AI/ML tools and automated experimentation represents a new data-driven research paradigm complementary to the traditional hypothesis-driven research paradigm. This paradigm accelerates design and optimization of biological systems and processes for a variety of DOE mission needs in energy and the environment. The AMBER workshop broadly explored the potential of this new paradigm for bioenergy research, of particular interest to BER and BETO, and identified key challenges and opportunities that DOE can address in the coming years by leveraging its unique capabilities and resources.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Thermodynamic Modeling of the Al-Ce-Cu-Mg-Si System and Its Application to Aluminum-Cerium Alloy Design

Recently discovered AlCe alloys have shown promise in a number of applications, but the propensity of Ce to react with Al and other alloying elements can complicate the phase equilibria and design approach. To solve this, the CALPHAD method is used to explore an alloy within the quinary Al-Ce-Cu-Mg-Si system by developing a thermodynamic database with self-consistent parameters. The database includes a description of all 10 binary systems and 8 ternary systems consisting of: (i) 6 Al-containing ternaries (Al-Ce-Cu, Al-Ce-Mg, Al-Ce-Si, Al-Cu-Mg, Al-Cu-Si and Al-Mg-Si); and (ii) 2 additional ternaries that include Mg and Si (i.e., Ce-Mg-Si and Cu-Mg-Si). The thermodynamic description for the Al-Ce-Mg and Al-Mg-Si systems were reassessed to ensure consistency with the binary systems and the Ce-Mg-Si system is presented for the first time and compared to theoretical data from DFT (Density Functional Theory). In addition to the ternary interactions, the quaternary compound Al3Cu2Mg9Si7 and solid solution extending from the ternary Al2CuMg phase (Al,Si)2CuMg are incorporated. The CALPHAD method is employed and leveraged through the use of a Materials Design Simulator (MDS) to accelerate the design of novel aluminum-cerium-based alloys. The combination of a CALPHAD-based framework with experimental efforts and industrial insight permits the development of three new Al-Ce alloys: Al-3.5Ce-0.4Mg-7Si (Ce-modified A356), Al-5Ce-1Cu-0.5Mg-10Si and Al-19Ce-0.9Mg-1.1Si.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Accelerating Traction Motor Optimization Design with AI Surrogate Models

The advancement of artificial intelligence systems enables the use of data-driven physics-based surrogate models to explore design spaces rapidly and deeply for engineering projects. This work presents a surrogate model workflow that accelerates electric traction motor design optimization by replacing finite element analysis (FEA) with an artificial neural network (ANN) and using this model in a genetic algorithm for design optimization. A baseline interior permanent-magnet motor is parameterized and sampled to generate FEA-labeled training data, after which a feed-forward ANN predicts key outputs (e.g., loss components and weight). The validated surrogate enables genetic-algorithm optimization and deep search over the design space without new FEA runs, producing Pareto-optimal trade-offs between weight and losses and set of optimized designs for rapid downselection of manufacturable motor designs.

Ribeiro, Pedro [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000921026641)↗

ML-AMD/exa-amd

ML-AMD is a Python workflow framework designed to accelerate the discovery and design of functional materials.

Moraru, Maxim [Los Alamos National Laboratory]↗