Elucidating the impact of stress states on grain boundary passivation in Ni-5Cr using the Rhines pack method

McRobie, Chris [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0009000431469407); Olszta, Matthew [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]; Hartmann, Josephine [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240595059); Kruska, Karen [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]; Zhu, Zihua [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]; Zhai, Ziqing [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]; Gwalani, Bharat [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)]; Schreiber, Daniel [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]; Kautz, Elizabeth [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263389223)

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2026.114179

DOE OSTI · 3505123

Elucidating the impact of stress states on grain boundary passivation in Ni-5Cr using the Rhines pack method

McRobie, Chris [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0009000431469407)·Olszta, Matthew [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Hartmann, Josephine [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240595059)·Kruska, Karen [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Zhu, Zihua [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Zhai, Ziqing [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Gwalani, Bharat [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)]·Schreiber, Daniel [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Kautz, Elizabeth [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263389223)

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Abstract

The oxidation behavior of a Ni–5Cr (at.%) alloy was evaluated at 420 ° C using the Rhines pack method and simultaneous tensile and compressive stress states via a miniature four-point bending fixture. At this moderate temperature, grain boundaries dominate mass transport and the resulting oxidation response. Oxidation produced approximately 1μ⁢m-wide protective Cr 2 O 3 films capping some grain boundaries and penetrative, intergranular Cr-rich oxides at other grain boundaries. Externally applied tensile and compressive stress during oxidation increased the prevalence of Cr 2 O 3 cap formation compared to no applied stress, with tensile stress resulting in more Cr 2 O 3 caps than compressive stress. The observed oxide cap morphology was similar across all test conditions. Regions under compressive stress showed an order of magnitude greater Cr depletion depth along the grain boundary. Chromium nitrides (CrN), likely from N contamination of the Rhines pack cell, were observed both at the oxide–metal interface and intergranularly within the alloy. Collectively these results demonstrate that applied stress promotes localized protective oxide cap formation over grain boundaries, with compressive stress additionally promoting deeper Cr depletion. Furthermore the experimental approach helped separate out the effects of stress on local oxide formation and grain boundary passivation.

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4 point bend Intergranular oxidation Ni-Cr Passivation Rhines pack Selective oxidation

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McRobie, Chris [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0009000431469407), Olszta, Matthew [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Hartmann, Josephine [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240595059), Kruska, Karen [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Zhu, Zihua [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Zhai, Ziqing [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Gwalani, Bharat [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)], Schreiber, Daniel [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Kautz, Elizabeth [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263389223). 2026-08-27. Elucidating the impact of stress states on grain boundary passivation in Ni-5Cr using the Rhines pack method. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2026.114179

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