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Probing the atomic dynamics of ultrafast melting with femtosecond electron diffraction

Mo, M. Z. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000229620815)·Maigler, M. B. [Bundeswehr Univ. (Germany)]·Held, T. [Technical Univ. of Kaiserslautern (Germany)] (ORCID:0009000989251810)·Ofori-Okai, B. K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000207376786)·Bergermann, A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Univ. of Rostock (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000228491791)·Chen, Z. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)]·Li, R. K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000231635506)·Shen, X. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000026844608X)·Sokolowski-Tinten, K. [University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000279795357)·Redmer, R. [Univ. of Rostock (Germany); Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden (Germany)] (ORCID:000000033440863X)·Wang, X. J. [University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany); Technische Univ. of Dortmund (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000333244709)·Schein, J. [Bundeswehr Univ. (Germany)]·Gericke, D. O. [Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000167979004)·Rethfeld, B. [Technical Univ. of Kaiserslautern (Germany)] (ORCID:0009000899214127)·Glenzer, S. H. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000191120558)
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Abstract

Melting is an every-day phase transition that is determined by thermodynamic parameters like temperature and pressure. In contrast, ultra-fast melting is governed by the microscopic response to a rapid energy input and, thus, can reveal the strength and dynamics of atomic bonds as well as the energy flow rate to the lattice. Accurately describing these processes remains challenging and requires detailed insights into transient states encountered. Here, we present data from femtosecond electron diffraction measurements that capture the structural evolution of copper during the ultrafast solid-to-liquid phase transformations. At absorbed energy densities 2-4 times the melting threshold, melting begins at the surface slightly below the nominal melting point followed by rapid homogeneous melting throughout the volume. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce these observations and reveal a weak electron-lattice energy transfer rate for the given experimental conditions. Both simulations and experiments show no indications of rapid lattice collapse when its temperature surpasses proposed limits of superheating, providing evidence that the inherent dynamics limits the speed of disordering in ultrafast melting of metals.

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Mo, M. Z. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000229620815), Maigler, M. B. [Bundeswehr Univ. (Germany)], Held, T. [Technical Univ. of Kaiserslautern (Germany)] (ORCID:0009000989251810), Ofori-Okai, B. K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000207376786), Bergermann, A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Univ. of Rostock (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000228491791), Chen, Z. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)], Li, R. K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000231635506), Shen, X. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000026844608X), Sokolowski-Tinten, K. [University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000279795357), Redmer, R. [Univ. of Rostock (Germany); Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden (Germany)] (ORCID:000000033440863X), Wang, X. J. [University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany); Technische Univ. of Dortmund (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000333244709), Schein, J. [Bundeswehr Univ. (Germany)], Gericke, D. O. [Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000167979004), Rethfeld, B. [Technical Univ. of Kaiserslautern (Germany)] (ORCID:0009000899214127), Glenzer, S. H. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000191120558). 2026-08-06. Probing the atomic dynamics of ultrafast melting with femtosecond electron diffraction. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75970-1

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