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DOE OSTI · 3376525

Frequency-Dependent Acoustic Reflection Coefficients of Flat Ground Assessed Using the Sonic Boom From the OSIRIS-Rex Sample Return Capsule Recorded on Free Flying Balloons

Bowman, Daniel C [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]·Lees, Jonathan [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]·Krishnamoorthy, Siddharth [Jet Propulsion Laboratory]·Silber, Elizabeth Allaryce [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000347781409)·Fleigle, Michael Joseph [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0009000309778951)·LaPierre, Justin Robert [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000193776331)
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Bowman, Daniel C [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory], Lees, Jonathan [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill], Krishnamoorthy, Siddharth [Jet Propulsion Laboratory], Silber, Elizabeth Allaryce [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000347781409), Fleigle, Michael Joseph [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0009000309778951), LaPierre, Justin Robert [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000193776331). 2026-06-01. Frequency-Dependent Acoustic Reflection Coefficients of Flat Ground Assessed Using the Sonic Boom From the OSIRIS-Rex Sample Return Capsule Recorded on Free Flying Balloons. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl121468

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During long-distance sound propagation in planetary atmospheres, acoustic waves may reflect off the air/surface interface one or more times. For low sound frequencies and flat interfaces, the incident and reflected wave tend to be nearly identical. However, this may not be the case when the downgoing acoustic wave encounters topography. Here, we describe a set of direct and reflected acoustic signals recorded on free-flying balloons during the hypersonic entry of the OSIRIS-REx sample return capsule (SRC). In two of the three cases presented here, an impulsive reflected arrival similar in form to the direct sonic boom of the SRC is observed, followed by a diffuse coda. In contrast, one of the floating stations lacked an impulsive reflection entirely, with only the coda present. We use full waveform modeling to show how reflection in the presence of complex topography can explain coda seen in all three examples as well as the lack of impulsive arrival on the third. Our results indicate that the complex signals often observed in long range acoustic propagation could be due, in part, to interactions with topography during transmission.

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