DOE OSTI · 3376332
Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform
Abstract
Recent advances in quantum technologies have demonstrated that quantum systems can outperform classical ones in specific tasks, a concept known as quantum advantage. Although previous efforts have focused on computational speedups, a definitive and provable quantum advantage that is unattainable by any classical system has remained elusive. Here, in this work, we demonstrate a provable photonic quantum advantage by implementing a quantum-enhanced protocol for learning a high-dimensional physical process. Using imperfect Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement, we achieve a sample complexity reduction of 11.8 orders of magnitude compared to classical methods without entanglement. These results show that large-scale, provable quantum advantage is achievable with current photonic technology and represent a key step toward practical quantum-enhanced learning protocols in quantum metrology and machine learning.
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Liu, Zheng-Hao [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0000000180671477), Brunel, Romain [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:000900057155972X), Østergaard, Emil E. B. [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:000900004158547X), Cordero, Oscar [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0000000186169146), Chen, Senrui [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000259046906), Wong, Yat [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000159127354), Nielsen, Jens A. H. [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0000000342900747), Bregnsbo, Axel B. [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0009000975383505), Zhou, Sisi [Perimeter Inst. for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON (Canada); Univ. of Waterloo, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000346188590), Huang, Hsin-Yuan [Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA, (United States); California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000153172613), Oh, Changhun [Korea Advanced Inst. Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)] (ORCID:0000000320021928), Jiang, Liang [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000200009342), Preskill, John [California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000224214762), Neergaard-Nielsen, Jonas S. [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0000000285850068), Andersen, Ulrik L. [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)] (ORCID:0000000219907687). 2025-09-25. Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv2560
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