DOE OSTI · 3019660
Unraveling spin entanglement using quantum gates with scanning tunneling microscopy-driven electron spin resonance
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource for quantum information processing, and its controlled generation and detection remain key challenges in scalable quantum architectures. Here, we numerically demonstrate the deterministic generation of entangled spin states in a solid-state platform by implementing quantum gates via electron spin resonance combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (ESR-STM). Using two titanium atoms on a MgO/Ag(100) substrate as a model, we construct a two-qubit system whose dynamics are coherently manipulated through tailored microwave pulse sequences. We generate Bell states by implementing a Hadamard gate followed by a controlled-NOT gate, and evaluate its fidelity and concurrence using the quantum-master equation-based code TimeESR. Our results demonstrate that ESR-STM can create entangled states with significant fidelity. This study paves the way for the realization of atom-based quantum circuits and highlights ESR-STM as a powerful tool for probing and engineering entangled states on surfaces.
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Switzer, Eric D. [Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian (Spain); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States); Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL (United States)], Reina-Gálvez, Jose [Institute for Basic Science, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Univ. of Konstanz (Germany)] (ORCID:000000017587056X), Giedke, Géza [Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian (Spain)], Rahman, Talat S. [Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000338897776), Wolf, Christoph [Institute for Basic Science, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of)], Choi, Deung-Jang [Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian (Spain); Centro de Fisica de Materials (CSIC-UPV/EHU), San Sebastian (Spain); Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (Spain). IKERBASQUE] (ORCID:0000000267973953), Lorente, Nicolás [Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian (Spain); Centro de Fisica de Materials (CSIC-UPV/EHU), San Sebastian (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000309528031). 2025-10-31. Unraveling spin entanglement using quantum gates with scanning tunneling microscopy-driven electron spin resonance. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5na00421g
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