A cost-effective all-in-one halide material for all-solid-state batteries

Fu, Jiamin [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:000000021874111X); Wang, Changhong [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Eastern Institute of Technology (China); Ningbo Key Laboratory of All-Solid-State Battery (China)]; Wang, Shuo [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000279079676); Reid, Joel W. [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000174158642); Liang, Jianwen [Foshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrochemical Functional Materials and Technology (China)]; Luo, Jing [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)]; Kim, Jung Tae [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000198520044); Zhao, Yang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000241482603); Yang, Xiaofei [Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian (China)]; Zhao, Feipeng [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000326866956); Li, Weihan [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000257689641); Fu, Bolin [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0009000311900952); Lin, Xiaoting [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000212181895); Hu, Yang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000255792936); Su, Han [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0009000611033774); Hao, Xiaoge [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)]; Gao, Yingjie [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)]; Zhang, Shutao [Eastern Institute of Technology (China)]; Wang, Ziqing [Eastern Institute of Technology (China)]; Liu, Jue [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:000000024453910X); Abdolvand, Hamid [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:000000034384111X); Sham, Tsun-Kong [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000319286697); Mo, Yifei [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281624629); Sun, Xueliang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Eastern Institute of Technology (China); Ningbo Key Laboratory of All-Solid-State Battery (China)] (ORCID:0000000303741245)

doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09153-1

DOE OSTI · 2573127

A cost-effective all-in-one halide material for all-solid-state batteries

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

All-solid-state batteries require advanced cathode designs to realize their potential for high energy density and economic viability. Integrated all-in-one cathodes, which eliminate inactive conductive additives and heterogeneous interfaces, hold promise for substantial energy and stability gains but are hindered by materials lacking sufficient Li + /e − conductivity, mechanical robustness and structural stability. Here, in this work, we present Li 1.3 Fe 1.2 Cl 4 , a cost-effective halide material that overcomes these challenges. Leveraging reversible Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redox and rapid Li + /e − transport within its framework, Li 1.3 Fe 1.2 Cl 4 achieves an electrode energy density of 529.3 Wh kg −1 versus Li + /Li. Critically, Li 1.3 Fe 1.2 Cl 4 shows unique dynamic properties during cycling, including reversible local Fe migration and a brittle-to-ductile transition that confers self-healing behaviour. This enables exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 90% capacity retention for 3,000 cycles at a rate of 5 C. Integration of Li 1.3 Fe 1.2 Cl 4 with a nickel-rich layered oxide further increases the energy density to 725.6 Wh kg −1 . By harnessing the advantageous dynamic mechanical and diffusion properties of all-in-one halides, this work establishes all-in-one halides as an avenue for energy-dense, durable cathodes in next-generation all-solid-state batteries.

Explore related subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE batteries chemical physics

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Fu, Jiamin [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:000000021874111X), Wang, Changhong [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Eastern Institute of Technology (China); Ningbo Key Laboratory of All-Solid-State Battery (China)], Wang, Shuo [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000279079676), Reid, Joel W. [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000174158642), Liang, Jianwen [Foshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrochemical Functional Materials and Technology (China)], Luo, Jing [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)], Kim, Jung Tae [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000198520044), Zhao, Yang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000241482603), Yang, Xiaofei [Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian (China)], Zhao, Feipeng [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000326866956), Li, Weihan [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000257689641), Fu, Bolin [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0009000311900952), Lin, Xiaoting [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000212181895), Hu, Yang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000255792936), Su, Han [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0009000611033774), Hao, Xiaoge [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)], Gao, Yingjie [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)], Zhang, Shutao [Eastern Institute of Technology (China)], Wang, Ziqing [Eastern Institute of Technology (China)], Liu, Jue [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:000000024453910X), Abdolvand, Hamid [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:000000034384111X), Sham, Tsun-Kong [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000319286697), Mo, Yifei [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281624629), Sun, Xueliang [Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Eastern Institute of Technology (China); Ningbo Key Laboratory of All-Solid-State Battery (China)] (ORCID:0000000303741245). 2025-06-25. A cost-effective all-in-one halide material for all-solid-state batteries. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09153-1

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related reports

DOE OSTI2026

An immersed interface method for microstructure-scale electrochemical battery models: numerical formulation and performance portable implementation

We present the numerical formulation, verification, and performance portable implementation of an immersed interface method for microstructure scale electrochemical modeling of batteries. The innovation in this approach is the resolution of chemical species and electrostatic potential discontinuities at active interfaces without the use of interface conforming unstructured grids. A unified formulation on Cartesian grids for all domains (electrodes and electrolyte) is used with interfacial flux conditions applied using volume fraction or “color” function gradients. We have developed one dimensional and two dimensional test cases with analytic solutions for electrochemical modeling using which we verified the consistency and accuracy of our scheme. Our solver is also validated against solutions from a macroscale model and an unstructured multi-subdomain solver for a full lithium ion cell. We then demonstrated the utility of our solver on an image-based complex battery electrode microstructure at high charging rate. Our technique also exhibits good scalability on distributed memory architectures using central processing units (CPU), with problem sizes up to 1.8 billion degrees of freedom and with 5400 ranks. Initial performance studies of our open-source performance portable solver showed about 70 times speed up using a graphics processing unit (GPU) compared to single compute core for a problem with 4 million cells.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Solvation-guided inhibition of manganese dissolution of lithium- and manganese- rich cathode via cyclic carbonate molecular engineering

Lithium and manganese-rich (LMR) layered oxides represent a leading class of high-energy cathode materials, but their practical realization is fundamentally limited by severe manganese (Mn) dissolution, a process that triggers structural degradation and rapid capacity fade. While mitigation efforts have predominantly focused on interfacial engineering, the intrinsic contribution of bulk electrolyte solvation to this degradation pathway remains largely unexplored, primarily due to the difficulty of deconvolving its effects from concurrent cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation. Here, we report an experimental design to isolate the role of solvation. We systematically varied the electrolyte solvent solvation power by substituting the strongly coordinating ethylene carbonate (EC) with its weaker coordinating fluorinated derivatives, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and trans-4,5-Difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DFEC), while maintaining a consistent interfacial chemistry. Remarkably, the electrolyte formulated with the weakest solvent, DFEC, exhibits superior cycling stability, suppressing Mn dissolution by up to 63% relative to the conventional EC-based system. Post-mortem analysis unequivocally attributes this performance enhancement to the preservation of the LMR cathode's structural integrity, a direct consequence of mitigated Mn dissolution. This work provides conclusive evidence that modulating bulk electrolyte solvation is a potent and direct strategy for stabilizing LMR cathodes, establishing a vital design principle for next-generation battery systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Geothermal district energy systems coupled with seasonal underground thermal energy storage: a U.S. techno-economic screening by climate and geology

In the United States, cooling-dominated commercial building loads can cause geothermal heat pump-based district energy systems to accumulate a long-term subsurface thermal imbalance, motivating the incorporation of seasonal underground thermal energy storage. We developed a transferable workflow to evaluate geothermal district systems that pair ground heat exchangers with seasonal underground thermal energy storage. Using standardized hourly loads for seven commercial buildings and a uniform cost framework, we simulated ten U.S. cities with a physics-based ground heat exchanger model, subsurface storage simulations, and economic assessment to isolate the roles of climate and hydrogeology. In cooling-dominated cities, underground thermal energy storage supplied the majority of annual cooling, cutting electricity use and summer peaks substantially while achieving levelized costs comparable to or below conventional chiller-boiler plants. In cooler climates, the storage share shrunk, required borefield size and costs rose, and levelized cost of energy increased nearly linearly with declining underground thermal energy storage fraction, indicating storage fraction as the primary economic lever. Sensitivity analysis showed capital risk dominated by borefield drilling and surface heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning and piping, with underground thermal energy storage costs secondary. This workflow provides a transparent foundation for site-specific design and screening of next-generation geothermal district energy systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗