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DOE OSTI · 1049218

High Efficiency Visible Photocathode Development

Smedley, J·Rao, T·Mueller, K·Ben-Zvi, I·Ruiz-Oses, M·Liang, X·Muller, E M·Lee, S·Attenkofer, K·Padmore, H·Vecchione, T
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Abstract

The alkali antimonides are of significant interest to the accelerator community, as they have a high quantum efficiency (QE) under illumination by green light. These cathodes are attractive for high-average-current photoinjector applications and understanding their fundamental properties are critical to the production of long lived, reliable cathodes. We report on ongoing work to characterize cathode formation during growth. In-situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) has been used to compare grain size and texture in antimony layers, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the solid-state chemistry of cathode formation.

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYACCELERATORSANTIMONIDESANTIMONYCATHODESCHEMISTRYEFFICIENCYGRAIN SIZEILLUMINANCEPHOTOCATHODESPRODUCTIONQUANTUM EFFICIENCYTEXTUREX-RAY DIFFRACTIONX-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

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Smedley, J, Rao, T, Mueller, K, Ben-Zvi, I, Ruiz-Oses, M, Liang, X, Muller, E M, Lee, S, Attenkofer, K, Padmore, H, Vecchione, T. 2011-09-30. High Efficiency Visible Photocathode Development. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1049218

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DOE OSTI2026

Cyclic moisture reactivation of calcium sorbents for long duration thermochemical energy storage

The transition to a flexible and reliable energy infrastructure, using electro-thermal energy generation technologies such as geothermal, concentrated solar power, and nuclear, usually demands simultaneous advancement of thermal energy storage (TES) to support on-demand electricity generation and industrial applications while mitigating the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources and power outages from direct energy generation. Among TES technologies, thermochemical energy storage (TCES) based on calcium looping emerges as a compelling high-power energy storage candidate due to its high reaction enthalpy, compatibility with elevated operating temperatures, and abundance of low-cost materials. However, the long-term durability of calcium-based sorbents for TCES is hindered by surface sintering and particle aggregation, leading to performance degradation over repeated thermal cycles. This study explores a moisture hydration-based strategy to regenerate a degraded calcium sorbent and mitigate performance degradation for long duration TCES. The addition of moisture transforms calcium oxide into calcium hydroxide and produces intercalation water layers, associated with a regenerated surface area and reduced calcium oxide crystallite size. Both these effects are beneficial in restoring the sorbents' reactivity for carbonization. Additionally, an optimized hydration-assisted reactivation protocol balances the recovered energy storage capacity with heating penalty required for moisture removal from hydrated samples, resulting in an enhanced energy storage capacity up to 176% compared to benchmark sorbents that undergo cycling without reactivation after 60 cycles. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of hydration-assisted reactivation to enhance the long-term performance of TCES, providing an effective pathway to advancing electro-thermal storage technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗