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Yu, Chenghao

Publications and source records attributed to Yu, Chenghao.

Measurement of seasonal variations of the NSLS-II circumference and energy

Routine beam-based characterization of the NSLS-II storage ring indicated probable seasonal variations of the ring circumference and energy. We arranged regular direct measurements of the ring circumference during 2023 and compared the results with the archived data of the magnet and undulator settings. A clear correlation between the ring circumference and energy was observed. These seasonal variations of the ring energy are found to be the main reason for regular lattice corrections required to keep the machine performance stable for user operations. Finally, the measurement techniques and results are discussed in this article.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Girder Profile Reproducing Residuals Report

Girder profile is represented by 6 or 8 girder fiducials, depending on the length of the girder. The profile is recorded precisely in environmentally controlled room (ER) where vibrating wire measurement is taken place. The girder profile is expected to be reproduced in tunnel by following a strictly-designed procedure. Girder profile is adjusted by referring to the dynamic reading of laser tracker and is recorded by multiple shots to common targets and girder fiducials. A final 6 tracker setup is performed to confirm the girder profile reported by 2 trackers and report the magnet relative height location by including magnet top fiducial observation. In order to further isolate the impact of instrument and monument geometry, the girder fiducials that are symmetrical relative to beam centerline will be averaged to compute girder profile error. The girder profile reproducing residuals will be summarized for the girders have been profiled so far.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Non-contact Mirror Measurements by a Laser Tracker

In my previous experience, beam line optics measurement is directly or semi-directly done by moving SMR along its surface. The fact there is that the touchable part is not critical to the mirror’s future use. But now for NSLSII project, we have to deal with the no-touch-at- all-to-the-surface situation. The following is a general idea of how to measure a mirror without contact its precision surface, further test need to be done to verify it.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The NSLS-II Control Network Design

The required positioning tolerances are an essential part of the survey and alignment design. The following tables show the requirement of storage ring. Table 1 provides the required global tolerances, while Table 2 outlines the relative tolerances for the NSLS-II girder-to-girder positioning. These tolerances dictate the instruments and methods necessary to obtain the positioning goals. The global tolerance is a little bit relaxed, but the ± 0.10 mm positioning requirement of adjacent girders is rather strict if the larger dimension and probable foundation settlement is considered.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

The Alignment Error Estimates of Magnet and Girder

The alignment tolerances from physics group are set as ± 30 micron (±1σ) for magnets in common girders and ± 100 micron (±1σ) for girders when they are positioned in tunnel. Though, physics group don’t want any components be misaligned out of that boundary. This article will present all the possible error sources and give an overall error estimate of those two key processes. The measures that ensure no components fall out of the boundary will be illustrated as well.

42 ENGINEERING↗

The NSLS-II Components Relative Alignment Deviation Estimate

The alignment of NSLS-II components will be conducted under the constraint of survey control network. The control network system is categorized as outside, primary and secondary control networks, and all of them have random errors due to measurement random errors. In the error propagation point of view, they all will contribute to the final positioning accuracy of each component in global sense. However, as the global positioning requirement is relative loose (i.e. ± 3mm for storage ring), relative positioning accuracy is what we really concern. In this situation, only secondary control network will contribute as only secondary monuments will be employed to direct the adjustment of components. Other error sources include instrument setup error, adjustment residuals and slab movement etc. This article will analyze the maximum relative deviation of 3 positions in one cell’s region, which is a simulation of 1 ID and 2 Vacuum chamber positions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

The Quality Assurance Measures for Laser Tracker

Laser tracker as a major survey instrument is widely used in BNL site. There will be totally at least 8 in NSLS, CAD and NSLS-II. The accuracy it can achieve will range from several to hundreds microns due to the effect of instrument performance, methodology, environment and operator etc. NSLS-II project have a very tight requirement to alignment error, for instance, the magnet relative alignment error in one common girder should be better than ±30 micron (2σ). In order to attain this goal, many measures will be taken, which have been elucidated in several technical notes. Those measures will immune the survey and alignment design from a laser tracker of potentially compromised performance; however, it’s still desirable that a precise instrument is present when performing most of the stringent alignment work. This entails the necessity of effective quality assurance for laser tracker system. Although not mandatory, it’s also a good metrology practices to keep them calibrated annually and have the traceability to certain national or international standard (i.e. NIST). However, the sent-out style calibration of laser tracker may cost us the down-time of a month for each tracker every year. It’s not affordable to us as we have a very busy alignment schedule. An in-house monitoring and calibration is strongly desired. This article will discuss the feasibility of calibration laser tracker by us at BNL site. The instrument’s performance will be monitored via the analysis of acquired observations on daily basis. The calibration routine will be carried out at least half-annually. They will be detailed later.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NSLS-II Booster Survey and Alignment Systems

This section outlines the survey and alignment requirements and the technology and tools for achieving the NSLS-II equipment positioning goals. The required alignment tolerances are defined primarily by the physics requirements of the accelerator. The tight tolerances dictated by the physics requirements are an order of magnitude tighter than the tolerances of second generation light sources (NSLS) and on level with those at third generation light sources (Soleil, Diamond). These extraordinary position requirements necessitate a concerted R&D engineering effort to identify and develop the survey methodology needed to meet these requirements. As of this date, the methodology is still evolving to balance cost and time constraints while still maintaining the integrity of the survey and alignment systems. State-of-the art equipment including Laser Trackers and Laser Arms have been purchased and used extensively in the pursuit of meeting the NSLS-II survey tolerances. No new technology will need to be developed to meet the alignment requirements but new techniques will be pursued and developed. Survey and alignment provides the foundation for positioning the beam-guiding magnet structures in all 6 degrees of freedom within the required tolerances. Although the tools and instrumentation available for this task have changed over the years and faster and more accurate measurements are possible, only limited control of the environmental conditions is possible. This ultimately sets an upper limit for the achievable measurement and subsequent control network accuracy. At the same time, the control of environmental variables (temperature, humidity) will be fully taken advantage of during the building of NSLS-II , opening up the possibility of ever-increasing accuracy unheard of only five years ago.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Survey and Alignment Reference Data Generation and Deviation Reporting

The data used by survey group can be categorized into design data and measured data based on how it’s obtained. Design data is a simple term which refers to the ideal beam orbit which is given by physics group in the form of a series of coordinates in lattice frame. Comparatively, measured data is a complicated term which includes the fiducialization data of each component, girder integration data, girder profiling data and control network data etc. There are a lot of steps and techniques to make sure a precise and successful alignment. However, from pure data perspective, making up right reference data and reporting misalignment correctly are 2 keys of survey and alignment. The note will give an overview regarding how survey data will be generated and reported during key steps. More details should be checked in the referred documents or discussed specifically.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The R&D of NSLS-II Girder Profiling

A precise state-of-the-art vibrating wire technique will be adopted to achieve the challenging ±30 μm magnet-magnet positioning requirement in NSLS-II storage ring. However, girder profile variation after relocation will merge all the efforts of precise magnet alignment. Girder profiling, a 2-steps process including baseline establishment and restoration in tunnel which never been applied before in accelerator field, will be implemented to keep the girder profile between magnetic measurement room and tunnel as close as possible. Laser tracker is chosen as the main instrument. Tests in environmentally controlled room indicate that a repeatability accuracy of ±10 μm can be achieved by laser tracker in several days period and it has the resolution of better than ±5 μm if serving as an indicator. Simulations and tests prove that an accuracy of better than ±10 μm can be achieved for both steps; therefore, the final magnet-magnet alignment accuracy can be better than ±20 μm. Most of the R&D activities will be presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Girder Profile Reproducing Residuals Report

Girder profile is represented by 6 or 8 girder fiducials, depending on the length of the girder. The profile is recorded precisely in environmentally controlled room (ER) where vibrating wire measurement is taken place. The girder profile is expected to be reproduced in tunnel by following a strictly-designed procedure. Girder profile is adjusted by referring to the dynamic reading of laser tracker and is recorded by multiple shots to common targets and girder fiducials. A final 6 tracker setup is performed to confirm the girder profile reported by 2 trackers and report the magnet relative height location by including magnet top fiducial observation. In order to further isolate the impact of instrument and monument geometry, the girder fiducials that are symmetrical relative to beam centerline will be averaged to compute girder profile error. The girder profile reproducing residuals will be summarized for the girders have been profiled so far.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetic and Mechanical Center Deviations of NSLS-II Magnets

Ideally Mechanical center coincides with magnetic center for a perfectly manufactured magnet. However, this is not the case in a real world. This requires magnet should be magnetically fiducialized and aligned to reduce the error that caused by this kind of discrepancy. A high-precision and costly vibrating wire system is used in NSLS-II project to align all the magnets in one common girder magnetically with a precision better than ±10 micron. It can be deemed as a ruler to gauge the magnetic and mechanical center deviation for NSLS-II magnets. This information will be useful for future accelerator regarding alignment technique selection.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Non-contact Mirror Measurement by a Laser Tracker

In my previous experience, beam line optics measurement is directly or semi-directly done by moving SMR along its surface. The fact there is that the touchable part is not critical to the mirror’s future use. But now for NSLSII project, we have to deal with the no-touch-at-all-to-the-surface situation. The following is a general idea of how to measure a mirror without contact its precision surface, further test need to be done to verify it.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The NSLS-II Control Network Design

The required positioning tolerances are an essential part of the survey and alignment design. The following tables show the requirement of storage ring. Table 1 provides the required global tolerances, while Table 2 outlines the relative tolerances for the NSLS-II girder-to-girder positioning. These tolerances dictate the instruments and methods necessary to obtain the positioning goals. The global tolerance is a little bit relaxed, but the ± 0.10 mm positioning requirement of adjacent girders is rather strict if the larger dimension and probable foundation settlement is considered. control network. Therefore, whether the goals can be obtained is mainly dependent on the performance of control network. The shape of control network defines the global alignment accuracy, while the relative position relationships of monuments determine the relative positioning accuracy between girders. When deciding the strategy of survey and alignment techniques, the instrumentation and approach of light sources have been built and are still in construction are investigated. State-of-the art equipment and methods will be employed. NSLS-II covers an area of about one-eighth of a square kilometer with a radius of ~126 m and a circumference of ~792 m. Depending on the size of the system to be constructed, primary and secondary control networks are required to achieve these tolerances. Primary control network will provide global control for different tunnels, and it should possess a relative point accuracy of better than ± 3 mm for all the storage ring monuments. Secondary control network will direct the alignment of girders in tunnel with the ability to ensure the final ± 0.10 mm positioning accuracy. The experiences from accomplished light source indicate that: for a dimension like NSLS2, primary control network can obtain a point accuracy of better than ± 1 mm easily, while secondary control network can obtain a relative point accuracy of ± 0.08 mm. With this expectation, the tolerance can be achieved for both the global and relative situation. Take the relative positioning requirement as an example, with 2 control network error of ± 0.08 mm, instrument tie-in error of ± 0.04 mm, and residual error of ± 0.04 mm, according to error propagation formula, the final alignment error should be better than ± 0.1 mm. Correspondingly, if a better control network accuracy can be achieved, the requirement for the residuals can be looser. The further alignment accuracy improvement will be realized by a smoothing process to assure the better position relationship between adjacent girders. The following simulation will perform error analysis to evaluate the estimated accuracy of NSLS II control network.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The alignment error estimates of magnet and girder

The alignment tolerances from physics group are set as ± 30 micron (±1σ) for magnets in common girders and ± 100 micron (±1σ) for girders when they are positioned in tunnel. Though, physics group don’t want any components be misaligned out of that boundary. This article will present all the possible error sources and give an overall error estimate of those two key processes. The measures that ensure no components fall out of the boundary will be illustrated as well.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The NSLS-II Alignment Coordinate System Conventions

For NSLS-II construction activities, a construction coordinate system is established with certain connections to geodetic NY State Plane Coordinate System, while physicists design the lattice and layout of accelerator and beam lines in a relatively dependent virtual space with their beam following coordinate system. In engineering design process, mechanical drawing designers, and beam line experts may both have their own coordinate system in a self-convenient manner. This situation will bring out problems of consistency and eventually lead to potential chaos for survey and alignment work. Therefore, it prompts to establish coordinate conventions recognized by all the relevant groups in order to smooth the coordinate processing flow when executing the alignment task according to specific design. Here descriptions about several existing coordinate system will be delineated and the definition of accelerator alignment coordinate system will be emphasized. The rotation and translation mathematical parameters will be given to allow for easy transformation. All the units are in meters. A programming code has been written to deal with a key requirement of integrating components’ fiducials into storage ring coordinate system. The parameters and code can be validated and tested by relevant groups.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The NSLS-II Components Relative Alignment Deviation Estimate

The alignment of NSLS-II components will be conducted under the constraint of survey control network. The control network system is categorized as outside, primary and secondary control networks, and all of them have random errors due to measurement random errors. In the error propagation point of view, they all will contribute to the final positioning accuracy of each component in global sense. However, as the global positioning requirement is relative loose (i.e. ± 3mm for storage ring), relative positioning accuracy is what we really concern. In this situation, only secondary control network will contribute as only secondary monuments will be employed to direct the adjustment of components. Other error sources include instrument setup error, adjustment residuals and slab movement etc. This article will analyze the maximum relative deviation of 3 positions in one cell’s region, which is a simulation of 1 ID and 2 Vacuum chamber positions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗