Engineering Papers⌕ Search

Engineering topics

Whitmore, B

Publications and source records attributed to Whitmore, B.

STAR CLUSTERS AS TRACERS OF INTERACTIONS IN STEPHAN'S QUINTET (HICKSON COMPACT GROUP 92)

Stephan's Quintet (SQ; also known as Hickson Compact Group 92) is a compact group of galaxies that exhibits numerous signs of interactions between its members. Using high-resolution (0.''04 per pixel) images of SQ in B{sub 438}, V{sub 606}, and I{sub 814} bands from the Early Release Science project obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope, we identify 496 star cluster candidates (SCCs), located throughout the galaxies themselves as well as in intergalactic regions. Our photometry goes {approx}2 mag deeper and covers an additional three regions, the Old Tail, NGC 7317, and the southern debris region (SDR), compared to previous work. Through comparison of the B{sub 438} - V{sub 606} and V{sub 606} - I{sub 814} colors of the SCCs with simple stellar population synthesis models, we are able to constrain cluster ages. In particular, the most massive galaxy of SQ, NGC 7319, exhibits continuous star formation throughout its history, although at a lower rate over the past few tens of Myr. NGC 7318 A/B and the northern star burst region both show ongoing active star formation; there are a number of star clusters that are younger than 10 Myr. NGC 7318 A/B also features a peculiar gap in the color distribution of the star clusters that can be used to date the onset of the recent burst. The majority of the SCCs detected in the Young Tail were formed 150-200 Myr ago, whereas the tight distribution of star cluster colors in the Old Tail allows us to constrain its age of formation to {approx}400 Myr ago. The star clusters in the SDR are seemingly divided into two groups with ages of 50 and {approx}500 Myr, and virtually all of the SCCs detected in NGC 7317 are over 2 Gyr old. Based on these ages, we estimate time intervals for the interactions between SQ members that triggered the massive star cluster formation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

GALAXY EVOLUTION IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT: A MULTI-WAVELENGTH STUDY OF HCG 7

The environment where galaxies are found heavily influences their evolution. Close groupings, like the ones in the cores of galaxy clusters or compact groups, evolve in ways far more dramatic than their isolated counterparts. We have conducted a multi-wavelength study of Hickson Compact Group 7 (HCG 7), consisting of four giant galaxies: three spirals and one lenticular. We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging to identify and characterize the young and old star cluster populations. We find young massive clusters (YMCs) mostly in the three spirals, while the lenticular features a large, unimodal population of globular clusters (GCs) but no detectable clusters with ages less than a few Gyr. The spatial and approximate age distributions of the {approx}300 YMCs and {approx}150 GCs thus hint at a regular star formation history in the group over a Hubble time. While at first glance the HST data show the galaxies as undisturbed, our deep ground-based, wide-field imaging that extends the HST coverage reveals faint signatures of stellar material in the intragroup medium (IGM). We do not, however, detect the IGM in H I or Chandra X-ray observations, signatures that would be expected to arise from major mergers. Despite this fact, we find that the H I gas content of the individual galaxies and the group as a whole are a third of the expected abundance. The appearance of quiescence is challenged by spectroscopy that reveals an intense ionization continuum in one galaxy nucleus, and post-burst characteristics in another. Our spectroscopic survey of dwarf galaxy members yields a single dwarf elliptical galaxy in an apparent stellar tidal feature. Based on all this information, we suggest an evolutionary scenario for HCG 7, whereby the galaxies convert most of their available gas into stars without the influence of major mergers and ultimately result in a dry merger. As the conditions governing compact groups are reminiscent of galaxies at intermediate redshift, we propose that HCGs are appropriate for studying galaxy evolution at z {approx} 1-2.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A METHOD FOR MEASURING VARIATIONS IN THE STELLAR INITIAL MASS FUNCTION

We present a method for investigating variations in the upper end of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) by probing the production rate of ionizing photons in unresolved, compact star clusters with ages {<=}10{sup 7} yr and with different masses. We test this method by performing a pilot study on the young cluster population in the nearby galaxy NGC5194 (M51a), for which multi-wavelength observations from the Hubble Space Telescope are available. Our results indicate that the proposed method can probe the upper end of the IMF in galaxies located out to at least {approx}10 Mpc, i.e., a factor {approx}200 further away than what is possible by counting individual stars in young compact clusters. Our results for NGC5194 show no obvious dependence of the upper mass end of the IMF on the mass of the star cluster down to {approx}10{sup 3} M{sub sun}, although more extensive analyses involving lower mass clusters and other galaxies are needed to confirm this conclusion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗