Engineering topics

Walker, Russell G.

Publications and source records attributed to Walker, Russell G..

14 records

NASA NTRS2010

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance

The all sky surveys done by the Palomar Observatory Schmidt, the European Southern Observatory Schmidt, and the United Kingdom Schmidt, the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite and the 2 Micron All Sky Survey have proven to be extremely useful tools for astronomy with value that lasts for decades. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer is mapping the whole sky following its launch on 14 December 2009. WISE began surveying the sky on 14 Jan 2010 and completed its first full coverage of the sky on July 17. The survey will continue to cover the sky a second time until the cryogen is exhausted (anticipated in November 2010). WISE is achieving 5 sigma point source sensitivities better than 0.08, 0.11, 1 and 6 mJy in unconfused regions on the ecliptic in bands centered at wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 micrometers. Sensitivity improves toward the ecliptic poles due to denser coverage and lower zodiacal background. The angular resolution is 6.1", 6.4", 6.5" and 12.0" at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 micrometers, and the astrometric precision for high SNR sources is better than 0.15".

Wright, Edward L.↗

NASA NTRS2002

IRAS Low Resolution Spectra of Asteroids

Optical/near-infrared studies of asteroids are based on reflected sunlight and surface albedo variations create broad spectral features, suggestive of families of materials. There is a significant literature on these features, but there is very little work in the thermal infrared that directly probes the materials emitting on the surfaces of asteroids. We have searched for and extracted 534 thermal spectra of 245 asteroids from the original Dutch (Groningen) archive of spectra observed by the IRAS Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS). We find that, in general, the observed shapes of the spectral continua are inconsistent with that predicted by the standard thermal model used by IRAS. Thermal models such as proposed by Harris (1998) and Harris et al.(1998) for the near-earth asteroids with the "beaming parameter" in the range of 1.0 to 1.2 best represent the observed spectral shapes. This implies that the IRAS Minor Planet Survey (IMPS, Tedesco, 1992) and the Supplementary IMPS (SIMPS, Tedesco, et al., 2002) derived asteroid diameters are systematically underestimated, and the albedos are overestimated. We have tentatively identified several spectral features that appear to be diagnostic of at least families of materials. The variation of spectral features with taxonomic class hints that thermal infrared spectra can be a valuable tool for taxonomic classification of asteroids.

Cohen, Martin↗

NASA NTRS1995

Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared: 1.2-35um Spectra of Six Standard Stars - 4

We present five new absolutely calibrated continuous stellar spectra from 1.2 to 35 microns, constructed as far as possible from actual observed spectral fragments taken from the ground, the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), and the IRAS Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS). These stars, Beta Peg, Delta Boo, Beta And, Beta Gem, and Delta Hya, augment our already created complete absolutely calibrated spectrum for a Tau. All these spectra have a common calibration pedigree. The wavelength coverage is ideal for calibration of many existing and proposed ground-based, airborne, and satellite sensors.

Cohen, Martin↗

NASA NTRS1995

Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared: 1.2 - 35 microns Spectra of Six Standard Stars - Part 4

We present five new absolutely calibrated continuous stellar spectra from 1.2 to 35 microns, constructed as far as possible from actual observed spectral fragments taken from the ground, the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), and the IRAS Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS). These stars- beta Peg, alpha Boo, beta And, beta Gem, and alpha Hya-augment our already created complete absolutely calibrated spectrum for alpha Tau. All these spectra have a common calibration pedigree. The wavelength coverage is ideal for calibration of many existing and proposed ground-based, airborne, and satellite sensors.

Cohen, Martin↗

NASA NTRS1994

Application of MCM image construction to IRAS comet observations

There is a wealth of IRAS comet data, obtained in both the survey and pointed observations modes. However, these measurements have remained largely untouched due to difficulties in removing instrumental effects from the data. We have developed a version of the Maximum Correlation Method for Image Construction algorithm (MCM) which operates in the moving coordinate system of the comet and properly treats both real cometary motion and apparent motion due to spacecraft parallax. This algorithm has been implemented on a 486/33 PC in FORTRAN and IDL codes. Preprocessing of the IRAS CRDD includes baseline removal, deglitching, and removal of long tails due to dielectric time constants of the detectors. The resulting images are virtually free from instrumental effects and have the highest possible spatial resolution consistent with the data sampling. We present examples of high resolution IRAS images constructed from survey observations of Comets P/Tempel 1 and P/Tempel 2, and pointed observations of IRAS-Araki-Alcock.

Schlapfer, Martin F.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Spectral irradiance calibration in the infrared. II - Alpha Tau and the recalibration of the IRAS low resolution spectrometer

A general process for creating complete, continuous, and absolutely calibrated 1-35 micron stellar spectra is described. The method is demonstrated by constructing an absolutely calibrated 1-35 micron spectrum of Alpha Tau and the method is independently validated using new observations. The absolute calibration of the IRAS low resolution spectrometer (LRS) data base is investigated by comparing the observed spectrum of Alpha Tau with that assumed in the original LRS calibration scheme. An analysis of asteroidal LRS spectra results in an independent assessment of the calibration problems with the LRS and provides a natural complement to the effort based on Alpha Tau. A direct comparison of LRS stellar spectra with independently calibrated long-wavelength airborne and ground-based spectra is made.

Cohen, Martin↗

NASA NTRS1992

Spectral irradiance calibration in the infrared. I - Ground-based and IRAS broadband calibrations

Absolutely calibrated versions of realistic model atmosphere calculations for Sirius and Vega by Kurucz (1991) are presented and used as a basis to offer a new absolute calibration of infrared broad and narrow filters. In-band fluxes for Vega are obtained and defined to be zero magnitude at all wavelengths shortward of 20 microns. Existing infrared photometry is used differentially to establish an absolute scale of the new Sirius model, yielding an angular diameter within 1 sigma of the mean determined interferometrically by Hanbury Brown et al. (1974). The use of Sirius as a primary infrared stellar standard beyond the 20 micron region is suggested. Isophotal wavelengths and monochromatic flux densities for both Vega and Sirius are tabulated.

Cohen, Martin↗

NASA NTRS1992

An atlas of selected calibrated stellar spectra

Five hundred and fifty six stars in the IRAS PSC-2 that are suitable for stellar radiometric standards and are brighter than 1 Jy at 25 microns were identified. In addition, 123 stars that meet all of our criteria for calibration standards, but which lack a luminosity class were identified. An approach to absolute stellar calibration of broadband infrared filters based upon new models of Vega and Sirius due to Kurucz (1992) is presented. A general technique used to assemble continuous wide-band calibrated infrared spectra is described and an absolutely calibrated 1-35 micron spectrum of alpha(Tau) is constructed and the method using new and carefully designed observations is independently validated. The absolute calibration of the IRAS Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS) database is investigated by comparing the observed spectrum of alpha(Tau) with that assumed in the original LRS calibration scheme. Neglect of the SiO fundamental band in alpha(Tau) has led to the presence of a specious 'emission' feature in all LRS spectra near 8.5 microns, and to an incorrect spectral slope between 8 and 12 microns. Finally, some of the properties of asteroids that effect their utility as calibration objects for the middle and far infrared region are examined. A technique to determine, from IRAS multiwaveband observations, the basic physical parameters needed by various asteroid thermal models that minimize the number of assumptions required is developed.

Walker, Russell G.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Cometary dust trails. I - Survey

Cometary dust trails furnish insight into the nature, origin, and evolution of comets, as well as into the relationship of comets to both asteroids and the zodiacal dust complex. A several years-long effort has been made to identify all dust trails detected over the course of IRAS observations, as well as to ascertain the comets' parent bodies. On the basis of a total of eight trails associated with known short-period comets, it is inferred that the trail phenomenon is common to all comets of this type; it is further conjectured that spaceborne IR detectors will observe a different ensemble of trails, as other comets pass perihelion.

Sykes, Mark V.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The nature of comet nuclei

The icy-conglomerate model of comet nuclei has dominated all others since its introduction. It provided a basis for understanding the non-gravitational motions of comets which had perplexed dynamicists up to that time, and provided a focus for understanding cometary composition and origin. The image of comets as dirty snowballs was quickly adopted. Comet nuclei including their trail mass loss rates and refractory to volatile mass ratios are described.

Sykes, Mark V.↗

NASA NTRS1992

High resolution images of P/Tempel 1 and P/Tempel 2 constructed from IRAS survey data

Infrared images of P/Tempel 1 and P/Tempel 2 were constructed from IRAS survey data using a computer algorithm based on the Maximum Correlation Method for Image Construction (Aumann et al, 1990). The resulting images are of sufficiently high quality and resolution to delineate coma and tail morphology, and permit accurate photometry of the total dust complex. Comparisons of the infrared colors and photometric profiles of Tempel 1 and Tempel 2 at similar heliocentric distances show that the grains produced by the two comets are quite similar in radiometric and dynamic properties. Tempel 1 is found to produce about 30 percent more dust in its coma and tail than Tempel 2. The comae of Tempel 1 and Tempel 2 are expanding with mean velocities of 5.8 plus or minus 0.07 and 6.1 plus or minus 0.17 m/sec respectively, indicative of the ejection of large grains. The IRAS cataloged infrared fluxes (Walker, 1986) are found to be underestimated by as much as a factor of three for the comets. Therefore, it is essential to create images of the comets to obtain meaningful IRAS photometry.

Walker, Russell G.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Constraints on the diameter and albedo of 2060 Chiron

Asteroid 2060 Chiron is the largest known object exhibiting cometary activity. Radiometric observations made in 1983 from a ground-based telescope and the IRAS are used to examine the limits on Chiron's diameter and albedo. It is argued that Chiron's surface temperature distribution at that time is best described by an 'isothermal latitude' or 'rapid-rotator' model. Consequently, Chiron has a maximum diameter of 372 kilometers and a minimum geometric albedo of 2.7 percent. This is much bigger and darker than previous estimates, and suggests that gravity may play a significant role in the evolution of gas and dust emissions. It is also found that for large obliquities, surface temperatures can vary dramatically on time scales of a decade, and that such geometry may play a critical role in explaining Chiron's observed photometric behavior since its discovery in 1977.

Sykes, Mark V.↗

NASA NTRS1990

The Tempel 2 dust trail

The IAS satellite's extensive observations of Comet Tempel 2 dust trail suggest that it is composed of particles of greater-than-1 mm diameter, whose velocities relative to the comet (assuming isotropic emission) are in the range of several m/sec. Excess color temperatures obtained relative to a blackbody indicate that either (1) the particles are large enough to support a temperature gradient over their surfaces, or (2) a small-particle population exists whose diameters are smaller than 100 A. If these small particles had not originated from the large particles, their acceleration to km/sec velocities by the gas outflow would have prevented their ejection into trail orbits.

Sykes, Mark V.↗

NASA NTRS1987

IRAS colors of normal stars

Using stars from the Bright Star Catalog, supplemented by cool dwarf stars from the Gliese catalog, that were detected by IRAS, the authors define empirically the median intrinsic visual-to-infrared color indices for 'normal' stars as a function of IRAS wavelength, spectral type and luminosity class. Anomalously red stars are discussed. Two otherwise undistinguished F giant stars are found with significant excesses at 12 microns. Be stars differ markedly from nonemission B stars in their V-(12) indices due to contamination of the former by free-free emission. Both B and Be stars show large dispersions in V-(25) colors that are associated with the heating of local, but strictly interstellar, dust clouds by some of the non-emission B stars. The derived sequences of stellar colors are closely approximated by either simple blackbody predictions or by model-atmosphere calculations.

Cohen, Martin↗