Theory of Beam Echoes
We develop the theory of beam echoes in circular accelerators under several different conditions. We derive detailed expressions for the echo amplitude and pulse width with nonlinear quadrupole and dipole kicks, first without and then with momentum spread. We use the theory with the linearized dipole and quadrupole kicks to solve the diffusion equation for different dependencies of the diffusion coefficient on the action. We then consider the use of multiple quadrupole kicks to increase the maximum echo amplitude. We have extended these calculations partially to the 2D case and we also have partial results for longitudinal echoes.
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