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Rummel, J. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Rummel, J. A..

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Math modelling as a complement to the scientific inquiry of physiological adaptation to space flight: Fluid, endocrine and circulatory regulation

The contribution of mathematical modeling and computer simulation to the understanding of problems arising during weightless space flight is reviewed. Examples from fluid, endocrine, and circulatory regulation are provided to illustrate the utility of modeling as an adjunct to the process of scientific inquiry, especially in the development and theoretical testing of hypotheses. The models were used to examine the acute and chronic phases of space flight. Paradoxial results appear when data obtained during chronic adaptation is interpreted using theories which pertain to acute adjustments. The modeling process provides a means of developing a theoretical basis for interpreting the chronic adaptive phase of flight.

Leonard, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The first dedicated life sciences Spacelab mission

JIt is pointed out that the Shuttle-borne Spacelab provides the capability to fly large numbers of life sciences experiments, to retrieve and rescue experimental equipment, and to undertake multiple-flight studies. A NASA Life Sciences Flight Experiments Program has been organized with the aim to take full advantages of this capability. A description is provided of the scientific aspects of the most ambitious Spacelab mission currently being conducted in connection with this program, taking into account the First Dedicated Life Sciences Spacelab Mission. The payload of this mission will contain the equipment for 24 separate investigations. It is planned to perform the mission on two separate seven-day Spacelab flights, the first of which is currently scheduled for early 1986. Some of the mission objectives are related to the study of human and animal responses which occur promptly upon achieving weightlessness.

Perry, T. W.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Life sciences flight experiments program mission science requirements document. The first life sciences dedicated Spacelab mission, part 1

The Mission Science Requirements Document (MSRD) for the First Dedicated Life Sciences Mission (LS-1) represents the culmination of thousands of hours of experiment selection, and science requirement definition activities. NASA life sciences has never before attempted to integrate, both scientifically and operationally, a single mission dedicated to life sciences research, and the complexity of the planning required for such an endeavor should be apparent. This set of requirements completes the first phase of a continual process which will attempt to optimize (within available programmatic and mission resources) the science accomplished on this mission.

Rummel, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Computer simulations of postural change, water immersion and bedrest - An integrative approach for understanding the spaceflight response

Mathematical modeling techniques were used to simulate the fluid electrolyte (F-E) responses during gravity unloading. It is shown that the response to weightlessness can best be understood by separately examining the acute (hours to days) and chronic (days to weeks) phases, and assuming the presence of normal, although complex, feedback regulatory processes. Headward shifts of fluid are shown to be primarily responsible for acute body losses of extracellular F-E. Losses of body water are closely related to the volume of fluid shifts from the legs. A diuresis is predicted within the first several hours of hypogravity, and this may be obscured by a reduced F-E intake; on Skylab, early F-E losses occurred primarily by deficit intake.

Leonard, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1980

An integrative approach to space-flight physiology using systems analysis and mathematical simulation

An approach was developed to aid in the integration of many of the biomedical findings of space flight, using systems analysis. The mathematical tools used in accomplishing this task include an automated data base, a biostatistical and data analysis system, and a wide variety of mathematical simulation models of physiological systems. A keystone of this effort was the evaluation of physiological hypotheses using the simulation models and the prediction of the consequences of these hypotheses on many physiological quantities, some of which were not amenable to direct measurement. This approach led to improvements in the model, refinements of the hypotheses, a tentative integrated hypothesis for adaptation to weightlessness, and specific recommendations for new flight experiments.

Leonard, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Experiments for dedicated life science missions

Over 80 investigations were selected recently as candidate experiments for Life Science Spacelab Missions in the 1983-1985 time frame. A payload consisting of perhaps 20 of these experiments will be selected in 1981, approximately two years before the first dedicated Life Sciences Spacelab Mission. Implementation of a carefully designed management process will be a prerequisite for accomplishing the development, flight, and post-flight analysis of a maximum number of these investigations, working within currently approved resources and schedules. This paper provides an overview of the Life Sciences Flight Experiments Program, and describes the approach being taken at NASA Headquarters in its planning and implementation.

Farrell, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Exercise response to simulated weightlessness

Two bed rest analog studies of space flight were performed; one 14 d and the other 28 d in duration. Exercise response was studied in detail during the 28 d study and following both the 14 d and 28 d studies. This paper relates the results of these studies to physiologic changes noted during and following space flight. The most consistent change noted after both bed rest and space flight is an elevated heart rate during exercise. A second consistent finding is a postflight or postbed rest reduction in cardiac stroke volume. Cardiac output changes were variable. The inability to simulate inflight activity levels and personal exercise makes a direct comparison between bed rest and the results from specific space flights difficult.

Sawin, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Engineering and simulation of life sciences Spacelab experiments

The third in a series of Spacelab Mission Development tests was conducted at the Johnson (correction of Johnston) Space Center as a part of the development of Life Sciences experiments for the Space Shuttle era. The latest test was a joint effort of the Ames Research and Johnson Space Centers and utilized animals and men for study. The basic objective of this test was to evaluate the operational concepts planned for the Space Shuttle life science payloads program. A three-man crew (Mission Specialist and two Payload Specialists) conducted 26 experiments and 12 operational tests, which were selected for this 7-day mission simulation. The crew lived on board a simulated Orbiter/Spacelab mockup 24 hr a day. The Orbiter section contained the mid deck crew quarters area, complete with sleeping, galley and waste management provisions. The Spacelab was identical in geometry to the European Space Agency Spacelab design, complete with removable rack sections and stowage provisions. Communications between the crewmen and support personnel were configured and controlled as currently planned for operational shuttle flights. For this test a Science Operations Remote Center was manned at the Ames Research Center and was managed by simulated Mission Control and Payload Operation Control Centers at the Johnson Space Center. This paper presents the test objectives, description of the facilities and test program, and the results of this test.

Biological Sciences/instrumentation/methods↗
NASA NTRS1979

BIOSPEX: Biological space experiments, a compendium of life sciences experiments carried on US spacecraft

United States space life science experiments, encompassing 27 years of experience beginning with sounding rocket flights carrying primates (1948) to the last U.S. spaceflight, the joint US/USSR Apollo Test Project (1975), are presented. The information for each experiment includes Principal Investigators, the program and mission on which it was flown, the specimens used, the objectives, protocol, equipment, results, conclusions, and bibliographic reference citations for publications derived from each experiment.

Anderson, M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Skylab medical data evaluation program (SMEDEP)

A day-by-day summary of selected data collected during the experiment is presented. The clinical and environmental data are presented in a mission-day format along with a tabulation of biomedical measurements whose values exceed three standard deviations from the preflight measurements.

Hoffler, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Life sciences experiments in the first Spacelab mission

The development of the Shuttle Transportation System (STS) by the United States and the Spacelab pressurized modules and pallets by the European Space Agency (ESA) presents a unique multi-mission space experimentation capability to scientists and researchers of all disciplines. This capability is especially pertinent to life scientists involved in all areas of biological and behavioral research. This paper explains the solicitation, evaluation, and selection process involved in establishing life sciences experiment payloads. Explanations relative to experiment hardware development, experiment support hardware (CORE) concepts, hardware integration and test, and concepts of direct Principal Investigator involvement in the missions are presented as they are being accomplished for the first Spacelab mission. Additionally, discussions of future plans for life sciences dedicated Spacelab missions are included in an attempt to define projected capabilities for space research in the 1980s utilizing the STS.

Huffstetler, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Ground based simulation of life sciences Spacelab experiments

The third in a series of Spacelab Mission Development tests was a joint effort of the Ames Research and Johnson Space Centers to evaluate planned operational concepts of the Space Shuttle life sciences program. A three-man crew conducted 26 experiments and 12 operational tests, utilizing both human and animal subjects. The crew lived aboard an Orbiter/Spacelab mockup for the seven-day simulation. The Spacelab was identical in geometry to the European Space Agency design, complete with removable rack sections and stowage provisions. Communications were controlled as currently planned for operational Shuttle flights. A Science Operations Remote Center at the Ames Research Center was managed by simulated Mission Control and Payload Operation Control Centers at the Johnson Space Center. This paper presents the test objectives, describes the facilities and test program, and outlines the results of this test.

Rummel, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in space flight

Exercise and exercise devices on Skylab missions prevented muscle loss in spacecrews. It is concluded that muscle in space is no different from muscle on earth; if it is properly nourished and exercised at reasonable load levels, it maintains its function under weightlessness conditions.

Thornton, W. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Anthropometric changes and fluid shifts

In an effort to obtain the most comprehensive and coherent picture of changes under weightlessness, a set of measurements on Skylab 2 was initiated and at every opportunity, additional studies were added. All pertinent information from ancillary sources were gleaned and collated. On Skylab 2, the initial anthropometric studies were scheduled in conjunction with muscle study. A single set of facial photographs was made in-flight. Additional measurements were made on Skylab 3, with photographs and truncal and limb girth measurements in-flight. Prior to Skylab 4, it was felt there was considerable evidence for large and rapid fluid shifts, so a series of in-flight volume and center of mass measurements and infrared photographs were scheduled to be conducted in the Skylab 4 mission. A number of changes were properly documented for the first time, most important of which were the fluid shifts. The following description of Skylab anthropometrics address work done on Skylab 4 primarily.

Thornton, W. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Results of Skylab medical experiment M171-metabolic activity

The primary objective of the experiment was to determine whether man's metabolic effectiveness while performing mechanical work was progressively altered by exposure to the space environment. The secondary objective was to evaluate the M171 bicycle ergometer as an in-flight crew personal exerciser. This manuscript is the report of the third (Skylab 4) manned mission and a summary of what was learned from all three Skylab manned missions about the physiological response to exercise during and after periods of 28 days, 59 days, and 84 days of weightlessness, respectively.

Michel, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Pulmonary function evaluation during and following Skylab space flights

Cardiac output measurements were made in the laboratory during preflight and postflight exercise tests. Due to the magnitude of decreases in cardiac output following the first and second manned Skylab missions and because the method used is based upon normal pulmonary function, it was decided to perform more thorough pulmonary function screening in conjunction with the final and longest duration Skylab mission. This paper summarized pulmonary function data obtained during all three Skylab missions.

Sawin, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Medical experiment M-171 - Results from the second manned Skylab mission

Preflight, inflight, and postflight exercise response tests were conducted on the astronauts of the second Skylab mission as part of an evaluation of physiological adaptation to long-term weightlessness. The flight phase of this mission was 59 days in duration. An exercise protocol was designed around a bicycle ergometer which was used to apply work loads approximating 25, 50, and 75% of each crewman's measured maximum aerobic capacity. Respiratory gas exchange, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured during all tests; cardiac output was measured at selected times during preflight and postflight tests. Data obtained both at rest and during exercise in flight showed no consistent changes which would indicate a degraded physical work capacity. In fact, heart rate during exercise actually decreased for all crewmen in flight. This response indicated improved physical fitness in flight relative to preflight. The postflight period of readaptation to 1 G was characterized by a marked tachycardia, during which time stroke volume was decreased. This response returned to normal within 5-day postflight.

Rummel, J. A.↗