Polysubstance Use in Pregnancy: Surveillance, Interventions, and Next Steps
Not provided.
General & Internal Medicine↗
Engineering topics
Park, Youngjoo
Publications and source records attributed to Park, Youngjoo.
Screening and Brief Interventions for Alcohol Use During Pregnancy: Practices Among US Primary Care Clinicians, DocStyles 2019
Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause birth defects and developmental disabilities. From 2018 through 2020, 13.5% of pregnant women reported current drinking. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends evidence-based tools (eg, AUDIT-C and SASQ) for implementing screening and brief interventions to reduce excessive alcohol use among adults, including pregnant people, for whom any alcohol use is considered excessive. We used DocStyles 2019 data to conduct a cross-sectional analysis to examine current screening and brief intervention practices that primary care clinicians conduct among pregnant patients; clinicians’ confidence levels in conducting screening, brief interventions, and referral to treatment; and the documentation of brief interventions in the medical record. A total of 1,500 US adult medicine clinicians completed the entire survey. Among the respondents who conduct screening (N = 1,373) and brief interventions (N = 1,357) in their practice, nearly all reported implementing screening (94.6%) and brief interventions (94.9%) with their pregnant patients for alcohol use, but fewer than half felt confident about conducting their screening practices (46.5%). Two-thirds (64%) reported using a tool that met the criteria recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Over half documented brief interventions in electronic health record notes (51.7%) or designated space (50.7%). Pregnancy presents a unique opportunity for clinicians to incorporate screening into routine obstetric care and encourage behavior change among patients. Most providers reported always screening their pregnant patients for alcohol use, but fewer used evidence-based USPSTF-recommended screening tools. Increased clinician confidence in screening and brief intervention, the use of standardized screening tools tailored to pregnant people, and maximal use of electronic health record technology may enhance the benefits of their application to alcohol use, which ultimately can reduce adverse outcomes associated with alcohol use during pregnancy.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Correction to: Thermodynamic Study on MgO Solubility in High-Alumina-Content Slag System
In the original article, the project number under Acknowledgements section is incorrect which is now corrected in this erratum. The correct statement should read as follows.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermodynamic Study on MgO Solubility in High-Alumina-Content Slag System
In the current study, the MgO solubility in molten slag was measured to clarify the effect of basicity and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} content on the MgO solubility equilibrating with the spinel solid phase in the CaO-SiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} system. The MgO solubility decreased with the increasing basicity of the slag. However, the MgO solubility in the spinel equilibrium region exhibited different dependence when compared with the basicity dependence in the MgO equilibrium region. The aforementioned experimental results were quantitatively analyzed using magic-angle spinning (MAS) {sup 27}Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in which the fraction of Al ions in the slag of spinel equilibrium region was changed to 4, 5, and 6. In addition, the analysis of the degree of Al avoidance modeling indicated that the change in bridging oxygen (BO) linkage species (distinguished into Al-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Si) was based on the Al/Si ratio change. The aforementioned change in BO linkage species led to a change in the MgO solubility with the stability of the alumina. Thus, the spinel equilibrium dissolution mechanism is discussed in detail in terms of the thermodynamic and structural influence in molten slag.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Effect of Iron Redox Equilibrium on the Foaming Behavior of MgO-Saturated Slags
In this study, the foaming index of CaO-SiO{sub 2}-Fe{sub t}O and CaO-SiO{sub 2}-Fe{sub t}O-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} slags saturated with MgO was measured to understand the relationship between their foaming behavior and physical properties. The foaming index of MgO-saturated slags increases with the Fe{sub t}O content due to the redox equilibrium of Fe{sub t}O. Experimental results indicated that MgO-saturated slag has relatively high ferric ion concentration, and the foaming index increases due to the effect of ferric ion. Therefore, the foaming behavior of MgO-saturated slag is more reasonably explained by considering the effect of ferric ion on the estimation of slag properties such as viscosity, surface tension, and density. Specifically, the estimation of slag viscosity was additionally verified by NBO/T, and this is experimentally obtained through Raman spectroscopy.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A Structural Study on the Foaming Behavior of CaO-SiO{sub 2}-MO (MO = MgO, FeO, or Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) Ternary Slag System
The foaming index of the CaO-SiO{sub 2}-MO (MO = MgO, FeO, or Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) ternary slag system with a fixed CaO/SiO{sub 2} ratio is measured to understand the effect of the ionic structure. At 1773 K (1500 °C), the foaming index of the slag increases with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition and decreases with MgO or FeO addition at a fixed CaO/SiO{sub 2} ratio. It is verified that the previous correlation between the foaming index and the physical properties could also be valid for the CaO-SiO{sub 2}-(MgO or Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) system. Raman spectroscopy for the CaO/SiO{sub 2} = 1.0 slag is applied to explain the foaming behavior from an ionic structural perspective. From the ionic structural viewpoint, the fractional change in each silicate anion unit is identified by de-convoluted Raman spectra. The Raman spectra indicate that the silicate network structure is polymerized with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} as an aluminosilicate structure; in contrast, de-polymerization occurs by MgO or FeO addition. Furthermore, the relationship between the silicate structure and the thermodynamic stability function is discussed. Since the ionic structure of the molten slag affects various physical/thermodynamic properties, the foaming behavior could be successfully interpreted from the ionic structural viewpoint.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Mechanical properties examined by nanoindentation for selected phases relevant to the development of monolithic uranium-molybdenum metallic fuels
Nanomechanical properties, specifically the reduced modulus and hardness of several intermetallic and solid solution phases are reported here to assist the development of the U-10 wt% Mo (U-10Mo) monolithic fuel system for research and test reactors. Findings from this study and reported values of mechanical properties provide data critical for understanding and predicting the structural behavior of the fuel system during fabrication and irradiation. The phases examined are products of interdiffusion and reaction between (1) the AA6061 cladding and the Zr diffusion barrier, namely (Al,Si) 3 Zr and Al 3 Zr, (2) the U-10Mo fuel and the Zr diffusion barrier, namely UZr 2 , Mo 2 Zr, and a-U, and (3) the U (or U-10Mo) and Mo, namely a mixture gradient of α- and γ-phases. The UC inclusions observed within the fuel alloy were also examined. Only phases present in thick or continuous microstructure on cross-sectioned fuel plates and diffusion couples were investigated for reduced modulus and hardness. Concentration-dependence of room-temperature reduced modulus in U solid solution with 0–10 wt% Mo was semi-quantitatively modeled based on mixture of α- and γ-phases and solid solutioning within the γ-phase.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Radiation effects on interface reactions of U/Fe, U/(Fe+Cr), and U/(Fe+Cr+Ni)
We study the effects of radiation damage on interdiffusion and intermetallic phase formation at the interfaces of U/Fe, U/(Fe + Cr), and U/(Fe + Cr + Ni) diffusion couples. Magnetron sputtering is used to deposit thin films of Fe, Fe + Cr, or Fe + Cr + Ni on U substrates to form the diffusion couples. One set of samples are thermally annealed under high vacuum at 450 C or 550 C for one hour. A second set of samples are annealed identically but with concurrent 3.5 MeV Fe++ ion irradiation. The Fe++ ion penetration depth is sufficient to reach the original interfaces. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis with high fidelity spectral simulations is used to obtain interdiffusion profiles, which are used to examine differences in U diffusion and intermetallic phase formation at the buried interfaces. For all three diffusion systems, Fe++ ion irradiations enhance U diffusion. Furthermore, the irradiations accelerate the formation of intermetallic phases. In U/Fe couples, for example, the unirradiated samples show typical interdiffusion governed by Fick’s laws, while the irradiated ones show step-like profiles influenced by Gibbs phase rules.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Interdiffusion between Potential Diffusion Barrier
U-Mo alloys are being developed as low enrichment
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗