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Ofman, L.

Publications and source records attributed to Ofman, L..

30 records · Page 2

Development of Solar Wind Model Driven by Empirical Heat Flux and Pressure Terms

We are developing a time stationary self-consistent 2D MHD model of the solar corona and solar wind as suggested by Sittler et al. (2003). Sittler & Guhathakurta (1999) developed a semiempirical steady state model (SG model) of the solar wind in a multipole 3-streamer structure, with the model constrained by Skylab observations. Guhathakurta et al. (2006) presented a more recent version of their initial work. Sittler et al. (2003) modified the SG model by investigating time dependent MHD, ad hoc heating term with heat conduction and empirical heating solutions. Next step of development of 2D MHD models was performed by Sittler & Ofman (2006). They derived effective temperature and effective heat flux from the data-driven SG model and fit smooth analytical functions to be used in MHD calculations. Improvements of the Sittler & Ofman (2006) results now show a convergence of the 3-streamer topology into a single equatorial streamer at altitudes > 2 R(sub S). This is a new result and shows we are now able to reproduce observations of an equatorially confined streamer belt. In order to allow our solutions to be applied to more general applications, we extend that model by using magnetogram data and PFSS model as a boundary condition. Initial results were presented by Selwa et al. (2008). We choose solar minimum magnetogram data since during solar maximum the boundary conditions are more complex and the coronal magnetic field may not be described correctly by PFSS model. As the first step we studied the simplest 2D MHD case with variable heat conduction, and with empirical heat input combined with empirical momentum addition for the fast solar wind. We use realistic magnetic field data based on NSO/GONG data, and plan to extend the study to 3D. This study represents the first attempt of fully self-consistent realistic model based on real data and including semi-empirical heat flux and semi-empirical effective pressure terms.

Sittler, Edward C., Jr.↗

The Three-Dimensional EIT Wave

An EIT wave is an impulsive disturbance which has been observed in the EUV, Soft X-ray and white light corona, with corresponding observations in the chromosphere. The effects of these disturbances can be observed across the entire solar disk of the Sun, and throughout the inner heliosphere as well. However, the picture is not complete; observations alone do not establish a complete understanding of the nature of this three-dimensional phenomenon. A number of associated phenomena have been documented, though in most cases causality has not determined. Additionally, it is unclear which factors govern the impulse's ability to affect regions of the corona and heliosphere. We discuss the various observations and the models which provided links between the associated phenomena.

Thompson, B. J.↗

EUV Dimmings: Simple or Enigmatic?

EUV dimmings are large-scale depletions in coronal EUV emission associated with coronal mass ejections. Their occurrence is nearly 100% correlated with fast CMEs. Many of the EUV dimming observations appear to correspond well in appearance and behavior to SXR dimmings. It has been assumed that the dimmings are merely the location of the CME mass removal in the corona, and that their similar appearance to coronal holes is because they are transient coronal holes with fieldlines opened by the coronal mass ejection. However, not all CMEs have dimmings, and large-scale E W dimmings have also been caused by heating of local plasma, and due to absorption by cool material "clouds" evolving in the wake of an eruption. Additionally, there are several ways in which these regions "heal," presumably due to the closing down of the open field lines. The presentation will include a range of EUV dimming observations, a discussion of their origin, and what they might imply about the nature of the associated CMEs.

Thompson, B. J.↗

Winds From Luminous Late-Type Stars: The Effects of Nonlinear Alfven Waves - 1

We present the results of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling of winds from luminous late-type stars using a 2.5-dimensional, nonlinear MHD computer code. We assume that the wind is generated within an initially hydrostatic atmosphere and is driven by torsional Alfven waves generated at the stellar surface. Two cases of atmospheric topology are considered: case I has longitudinally uniform density distribution and isotropic radial magnetic field over the stellar surface, and case II has an isotropic, radial magnetic field with a transverse density gradient, which we refer to as an "atmospheric hole." We use the same set of boundary conditions for both models. The calculations are designed to model a cool luminous star, for which we assume an initial hydrostatic pressure scale height of 0.072 Stellar Radius, an Alfven wave speed of 92 km/s at the surface, and a wave period of 76 days, which roughly corresponds with the convective turnover time. For case I the calculations produce a wind with terminal velocity of about 22 km/s and a mass loss rate comparable to the expected value of 10(exp -6) Solar Mass/yr. For case II we predict a two-component wind: a fast (25 km/s) and relatively dense wind outside of the atmospheric hole and a slow (1.5 km/s), rarefied wind inside of the hole.

Airapetian, V. S.↗

TRACE Observation of Damped Coronal Loop Oscillations: Implicating for Coronal Heating

The imaging telescope on board the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) spacecraft observed the decaying transversal oscillations of a long [(130 +/- 6) x 10(exp 6) meters], thin [diameter (2.0 +/- 0.36) x 10(exp 6) meters], bright coronal loop in the 171 angstrom Fe-IX emission line. The oscillations were excited by a solar flare in the adjacent active region. The decay time of the oscillations is 12.1 +/- 6.7 minutes for an oscillation with a frequency 3.90 +/- 0.13 millihertz The coronal dissipation coefficient is estimated to be eight to nine orders of magnitude larger than the theoretically predicted classical value. The larger dissipation coefficient may solve existing difficulties with wave heating and reconnection theories.

Nakariakov, V. M.↗

IPS observations of the solar wind velocity and the acceleration mechanism

Coronal holes are well know sources of high speed solar wind, however, the exact acceleration mechanism of the wind is still unknown. Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations indicate that the fast solar wind reaches an average velocity of 800 km s(exp -1) within several solar radii with large velocity fluctuations. However, the origin of the IPS velocity spread below 10 solar radii is unclear. A previously developed coronal home model with a more realistic initial state is applied, and time-dependent, nonlinear, resistive 2.5-DMHD equations are numerically solved. It is found that nonlinear solitary-like waves with a supersonic phase speed are generated in coronal holes by torisonal Alfven waves in the radial flow velocity. The outward propagating nonlinear waves are similar in properties to sound solitons. When these waves are present, the solar wind speed and density fluctuate considerably on a time scale of an hour and on spatial scales of several solar radii in addition to the Alfvenic fluctuations. This is in qualitative agreement with the IPS velocity observations beyond 10 solar radii.

Ofman, L.↗

Possible signatures of nonlinear MHD waves in the solar wind: UVCS observations and models

Recent ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer (UVCS) white light channel observations are discussed. These data indicated quasi-periodic variations in the polarized brightness in the polar coronal holes. The Fourier power spectrum analysis showed significant peaks at about six minutes and possible fluctuations on longer time scales. The observations are consistent with the predictions of the nonlinear solitary-like wave model. The purpose of a planned study on plume and inter-plume regions of coronal holes, motivated by the result of a 2.5 magnetohydrodynamic model (MHD), is explained.

Ofman, L.↗

Heating of coronal holes by the resonant absorption and dissipation of Alfven waves and its relation to solar wind acceleration

Coronal hole regions are well known sources of high-speed solar wind, however to account for the observed properties of the solar wind a source of momentum and heat must be included. Alfven waves were suggested as the possible source of heating that accelerates the solar wind. We investigate the propagation of the Alfven waves in coronal holes via numerical solution of the linearized 2-D resistive MHD equations in slab geometry. The Alfven waves are driven at the lower boundary of the coronal hole and propagate into the corona. The waves are reflected at the coronal hole boundary and part of the wave energy leaks out of the coronal hole. We compare the calculated wavelengths and the attenuation rate of the fast mode Alfven waves in the leaky waveguide formed by the coronal hole with the analytical ideal MHD solutions. The formation of resonance heating layers is found to occur when shear Alfven waves propagate in an inhomogeneous coronal hole. The heating is enhanced when fast mode waves couple to the shear Alfven waves. The narrow heating layers are formed near the location of the ideal resonance, which might occur near the coronal hole boundary for a nearly constant density coronal hole, surrounded by a higher density plasma. We investigate the dependence of the heating on the driver frequency, the Lundquist number, and on the heliocentric distance. and find that the low frequency Alfven waves can be an efficient source of heating at large distances from the Sun. We discuss the relation of our results to the observed properties of high-speed solar wind and coronal holes.

Ofman, L.↗

Coronal heating by the resonant absorption of Alfven waves: Wavenumber scaling laws.

The importance of global modes in coronal loop heating is well established. In the present work the scaling of the global-mode resonant heating rate with the perturbation wavenumbers is studied with the numerical solution of the linearized time-dependent MHD equations for a full compressible, low-beta, resistive plasma using an implicit integration scheme. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the dissipation on inhomogeneties in the background Alfven speed occurs in narrow resonant layer with the highest heating rate at the global-mode frequency. The global-mode heating rate H (sub r) was found to scale as H (Sub r) approximately k (sub y) (exp 1.03) when k (sub z) = 0.1, and as H (sub r) approximately k (sub y) (exp -1.93) when k (sub z) = 0.75, where k (sub y) and k (sub z) are the wavenumbers in the perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field directions, respectively, while the dependence of H (sub r) on k (sub z) is more complex. The quality factor Q of the MHD resonance cavity scales as Q approximately k (sub y) (exp -1.8) for k (sub z) = 0.75 and as Q approximately k (sub y) (exp -1.46) for k (sub z) = 0.1. The numerically determined heating rate scaling, the global-mode fequency, and the quality factor are in good agreement with the analytical linear theory. The magnitude of the perturbed velocities was found to decrease with k (sub y). Assuming typical coronal loop parameters (B (sub 0) = 100-200 G, upsilon (sub A) = 2000-4000 km/s), the Alfven waves can supply the required heating to a low-Q loops.

Ofman, L.↗

Coronal heating by the resonant absorption of Alfven waves: The effect of viscous stress tensor

The time-dependent linearized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations for a fully compressible, low-beta, viscoresistive plasma are solved numerically using an implicit integration scheme. The full viscosity stress tensor (Braginskii 1965) is included with the five parameters eta(sub i) i = 0 to 4. In agreement with previous studies, the numerical simulations demonstrate that the dissipation on inhomogeneities in the background Alfven speed occurs in a narrow resonant layer. For an active region in the solar corona the values of eta(sub i) are eta(sub o) = 0.65 g/cm/s, eta(sub 1) = 3.7 x 10(exp -12) g/cm/s, eta(sub 2) = 4 eta(sub 1), eta(sub 3) = 1.4 x 10(exp -6) g/cm/s, eta(sub 4) = 2 eta(sub 3), with n = 10(exp 10)/cu cm, T = 2 x 10(exp 6) K, and B = 100 G. When the Lundquist number S = 10(exp 4) and R(sub 1) much greater than S (where R(sub 1) is the dimensionless shear viscous number) the width of the resistive dissipation layer d(sub r) is 0.22a (where a is the density gradient length scale) and d(sub r) approximately S(exp -1/3). When S much greater than R(sub 1) the shear viscous dissipation layer width d(sub r) scales as R(sub 1)(exp -1/3). The shear viscous and the resistive dissipation occurs in an overlapping narrow region, and the total heating rate is independent of the value of the dissipation parameters in agreement with previous studies. Consequently, the maximum values of the perpendicular velocity and perpendicular magnetic field scale as R(sub 1)(exp -1/3). It is evident from the simulations that for solar parameters the heating due to the compressive viscosity (R(sub 0) = 560) is negligible compared to the resistive and the shear viscous (R(sub 1)) dissipation and it occurs in a broad layer of order a in width. In the solar corona with S approximately equals 10(exp 4) and R(sub 1) approximately equals 10(exp 14) (as calculated from the Braginskii expressions), the shear viscous resonant heating is of comparable magnitude to the resistive resonant heating.

Ofman, L.↗

Nonlinear evolution of resistive tearing mode instability with shear flow and viscosity

The effect of shear flow on the nonlinear evolution of the tearing mode is investigated via numerical solutions of the resistive MHD equations in slab geometry, using a finite-difference alternative-direction implicit method. It was found that, when the shear flow is small (V less than 0.3), the tearing mode saturates within one resistive time, whereas for larger flows the nonlinear saturation develops on longer time scales. The magnetic energy release decreases and the saturation time increases with increasing values of V for both small and large resistivity. Shear flow was found to decrease the saturated magnetic island width and to generate currents far from the tearing layer. Results suggest that equilibrium shear flow may improve the confinement of tokamak plasma.

Ofman, L.↗

Thermally conductive magnetohydrodynamic flows in helmet-streamer coronal structures

The behavior of thermally conductive plasma flows in helmet-streamer coronal structures is investigated within the framework of the axisymmetric nonrotating one-fluid MHD model. Continuous subsonic-supersonic solutions satisfying observed boundary conditions at the sun as well as the vanishing of the temperature at infinity are obtained and presented. Special attention is paid to the combined effects of conductive flow (and corresponding thermal force) and rapidly diverging magnetic field on the critical points. In this, the heliocentric distance of the neutral point determining the separation between closed and open field lines (cusp) is treated as a free parameter. These thermally conductive solutions are contrasted with those provided by corresponding isothermal models.

Cuperman, S.↗