Engineering topics

Mayer-Hasselwander, H. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Mayer-Hasselwander, H. A..

At least 19 records

NASA NTRS1999

Gamma Radiation from PSR B1055-52

The telescopes on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) have observed PSR B1055-52 a number of times between 1991 and 1998. From these data, a more detailed picture of the gamma radiation from this source has been developed, showing several characteristics which distinguish this pulsar: the light curve is complex; there is no detectable unpulsed emission; the energy spectrum is flat, with no evidence of a sharp high-energy cutoff up to greater than 4 GeV. Comparisons of the gamma-ray data with observations at longer wavelengths show that no two of the known gamma-ray pulsars have quite the same characteristics; this diversity makes interpretation in terms of theoretical models difficult.

Thompson, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Spectral Modeling of the EGRET 3EG Gamma Ray Sources Near the Galactic Plane

The third EGRET catalog lists 84 sources within 10 deg of the Galactic Plane. Five of these are well-known spin-powered pulsars, 2 and possibly 3 others are blazars, and the remaining 74 are classified as unidentified, although 6 of these are likely to be artifacts of nearby strong sources. Several of the remaining 68 unidentified sources have been noted as having positional agreement with supernovae remnants and OB associations. Others may be radio-quiet pulsars like Geminga, and still others may belong to a totally new class of sources. The question of the energy spectral distributions of these sources is an important clue to their identification. In this paper, the spectra of the sources within 10 deg of Galactic Plane are fit with three different functional forms; a single power law, two power laws, and a power law with an exponential cutoff. Where possible, the best fit is selected with statistical tests. Twelve, and possibly an additional 5 sources, are found to have spectra that are fit by a breaking power law or by the power law with exponential cutoff function.

Bertsch, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Some Aspects of the Radio Emission of EGRET-Detected Blazars

It has long been recognized that the high-latitude Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) sources can be identified with blazars of significant radio emission. Many aspects of the relation between high-energy gamma-ray emission and radio emission of EGRET-detected blazars remain uncertain. In this paper, we use the results of the recently published Third EGRET Source Catalog to examine in more detail to what extent the EGRET flux and the radio flux are correlated. In particular we examine the correlation (or the lack of it) in flux level, spectral shape, temporal variation, and detection limit. Many significant previous studies in these areas are also evaluated.

Lin, Y. C.↗

NASA NTRS1998

The Third EGRET Catalog of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources

The third catalog of high-energy gamma-ray sources detected by the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory includes data from 1991 April 22 to 1995 October 3 (Cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the mission). In addition to including more data than the second EGRET catalog (Thompson et al. 1995) and its supplement (Thompson et al. 1996), this catalog uses completely reprocessed data (to correct a number of mostly minimal errors and problems). The 271 sources (E greater than 100 MeV) in the catalog include the single 1991 solar flare bright enough to be detected as a source, the Large Magellanic Cloud, five pulsars, one probable radio galaxy detection (Cen A), and 66 high-confidence identifications of blazars (BL Lac objects, flat-spectrum radio quasars, or unidentified flat-spectrum radio sources). In addition, 27 lower-confidence potential blazar identifications are noted. Finally, the catalog contains 170 sources not yet identified firmly with known objects, although potential identifications have been suggested for a number of those. A figure is presented that gives approximate upper limits for gamma-ray sources at any point in the sky, as well as information about sources listed in the second catalog and its supplement which do not appear in this catalog.

Hartman, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Gamma Radiation from PSR B1055-52

The telescopes on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CCRO) have observed PSR B1055-52 a number of times between 1991 and 1998. From these data, a more detailed picture of the gamma radiation from this source has been developed, showing several characteristics which distinguish this pulsar: the light curve is complex; there is no detectable unpulsed emission; the energy spectrum is flat, with no evidence of a sharp high-energy cutoff up to greater than 4 GeV. Comparisons of the gamma-ray data with observations at longer wavelengths show that no two of the known gamma-ray pulsars have quite the same characteristics; this diversity makes interpretation in terms of theoretical models difficult.

Thompson, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1998

In-Flight Calibration of the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory

The Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has been operating for over seven years since its launch in 1991 April. This span of time far exceeds the design lifetime of two years. As the instrument has aged, several changes have occurred due to spark chamber gas exchanges as well as some hardware degradation and failures, all of which have an influence on the instrument sensitivity. This paper describes post-launch measurements and analysis that are done to calibrate the instrument response functions. The updated instrument characteristics are incorporated into the analysis software.

Esposito, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1995

EGRET observations of the BL Lacertae objects 0716+714 and 0521-365

During the Compton Observatory's viewing programs Phase 1 (1991 April to 1992 November, also known as the All-Sky Survey) and Phase 2 (1992 November to 1993 September), the BL Lac object 0716+714 was in the field of view of the EGRET telescope a total of six times, three times in Phase 1 and three more times in Phase 2, while the BL Lac object 0521-365 was in the field of view of EGRET only once in Phase 1. The source 0716+714 was detected in high-energy gamma rays by EGRET at a flux level of (2.0 +/- 0.4) x 10(exp -7) photons/sq cm/s for E greater than 100 MeV with a 6 sigma significance when it was first observed by EGRET in 1992 January 10 to 23. The corresponding spectral slope of the photon number distribution is determined to be -2.04 +/- 0.33. The gamma-ray flux of 0716+714 showed considerable time variability in subsequent EGRET observations. But the spectral slope stayed about the same within the statistical uncertainties of the EGRET data. The average spectral slope of the four viewing periods during which the photon flux of 0716+714 stayed above the EGRET detection threshold is found to be -1.85 +/- 0.20 from the combined data. The source 0521+365 was detected by EGRET in 1992 May 14 to June 4 at a flux level of (1.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(exp -7) photons/sq cm/s for E greater than 100 MeV with a 4 sigma significance. The corresponding spectral slope of the photon number distribution is found to be 2.16 +/- 0.36. Details of the observations of these two BL Lac objects with the EGRET telescope are presented.

Lin, Y. C.↗

NASA NTRS1994

High-energy gamma radiation from Geminga observed by EGRET

The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) has carried out extensive studies of the gamma-ray source Geminga. Following the detection of pulsed X-rays (Halpern and Holt 1992) from Geminga, Bertsch et al. (1992) reported the same 237 ms periodicity to be visible in the EGRET data. A full analysis of the Geminga source shows that the energy spectrum is compatible with a power law with a spectral index of -1.50 +/- 0.08 between 30 MeV and 2 GeV. A falloff relative to the power law is observed for energies above 2 GeV. Phase-resolved spectra also show power laws with high-energy cutoffs, but with significant variation of the spectral index with phase. No unpulsed emission is observed. No evidence for time variation was found within the EGRET observations.

Mayer-Hasselwander, H. A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Observation of high-energy gamma rays from the quasi-stellar object CTA 102

The quasar CTA 102 (QSO 2230 + 114) was observed four times in 1991-1992 by the EGRET high-energy gamma-ray telescope on the Compton GRO satellite. In the 1992 January 23-February 6 observation, emission was detected at the level (2.4 +/- 0.5) x 10 exp 7 photons/sq cm s (E is greater than 100 MeV). The other observations produced upper limits or detections with lower significance which are consistent with the same flux. The photon spectrum can be represented by a power law with a number index of 2.6 +/- 0.2, the softest so far observed by EGRET. The emitted gamma-ray luminosity, if isotropic, is 5 x 10 exp 47 ergs/s (H(0) = 75 km/s Mpc , q(0) = 0.5), although there are good reasons to believe that the gamma emission is strongly beamed.

Nolan, P. L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Time variability in the gamma-ray emission of 3C 279

Following the initial detection of 3C 279 as an intense high-energy gamma-ray emitter during a 1991, June 16-28 observation, the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory made a second observation during 1991, October 3-17. Low-sensitivity observations were also made during 1991, October 12-31 and 1992 April. The relatively intense June fluxes allowed the time structure to be determined down to the level of half-days. During this period a flux enhancement of about a factor of 4 is seen, lasting several days. The October exposures show fluxes somewhat below the minimum June flux, with no significant evidence of time variability. The 1992 April fluxes are well off the main instrument axis, and so the statistics are less compelling, but the evidence appears to show additional time variability. The observations are consistent with a model in which the gamma rays result from Compton scattering of low-energy photons by relativistic electrons in a jet.

Kniffen, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

EGRET detection of high-energy gamma radiation from the OVV quasar 3C 454.3

High-energy gamma radiation has been observed from the optically violent variable quasar 3C 454.3 (PKS 2251 + 158) by the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope on the Compton Observatory. During the 1992 January-February observation, the emission showed a power-law photon spectrum with an exponent of -2.18 +/- 0.08. The flux density (greater than 100 MeV) was observed to vary within the range (0.4-1.4) x 10 exp -6 photon/sq cm s on a time scale of less than a week. Lower sensitivity observations during 1992 April and May also detected emission within that range, but with lower statistical significance. An earlier low-sensitivity exposure during 1991 August gave a 95 percent confidence upper limit of 0.26 x 10 exp 6 photon/sq cm s. The similarity of the gamma-ray emission of 3C 454.3 to that of 3C 279 parallels the similarity of these two objects at lower frequencies.

Hartman, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Detection of gamma-ray emission from the quasar PKS 0208-512

High-energy gamma-ray emission has been detected from the quasar PKS 0208-512 in the energy range above 30 MeV by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. This region of sky was observed in five different viewing periods, and evidence of time variability in the gamma-ray emission by more than a factor of 3 was found. At the maximum intensity between 1991 September 19 and October 3, the flux density above 100 MeV was (9.1 +/- 0.4) x 10 exp -7 gamma/sq cm per sec. The photon spectrum during this period may be expressed as a power law with an exponent of - 1.69 +/- 0.05 between 30 MeV and 4 GeV. This is the hardest quasar spectrum observed by EGRET up to the present time.

Bertsch, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Overview of the first results from EGRET

An overview of the early results of EGRET, one of four instruments carried on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, is presented with regard to observations of pulsars, bursts, galactic diffuse radiation, and active galaxies. The June 11, 1992 solar flare was observed in gamma rays with energies from the threshold of detection to energies over 1 GeV. Detailed time histories and energy spectra were obtained for the Crab and Vela pulsars, with one of the Vela pulses being quite sharp, approximately 2 percent of the total period. Several gamma-ray bursts were recorded. The one on May 3, 1991 was seen in EGRET's spark chamber system, which made it possible to determine a position. The quasars 3C 279, which has a redshift of 0.538, was seen in high energy gamma rays in both June and October 1992.

Fichtel, C. E.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Detection of a long-duration solar gamma-ray flare on June 11, 1991 with EGRET on COMPTON-GRO

The detection of high energy photon emission from a long-duration solar gamma-ray flare on June 11, 1991 is reported. Gamma rays were detected up to energies above 1 GeV. The solar origin of this emission is assured by the time profile of the gamma-ray count rate and by time-resolved sky maps, which show a clear maximum at the position of the sun. There are indications for a spectral evolution with time, such that the emission below 100 MeV fades away earlier than the 100-300 MeV radiation, roughly on the time scale of the fast component. The spectrum of the flare can be well fitted with a composite of a proton generated pi exp 0 spectrum and an electron bremsstrahlung component. The latter can be identified with the fast decaying component of the lightcurve.

Kanbach, G.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The EGRET high energy gamma ray telescope

The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) is sensitive in the energy range from about 20 MeV to about 30,000 MeV. Electron-positron pair production by incident gamma photons is utilized as the detection mechanism. The pair production occurs in tantalum foils interleaved with the layers of a digital spark chamber system; the spark chamber records the tracks of the electron and positron, allowing the reconstruction of the arrival direction of the gamma ray. If there is no signal from the charged particle anticoincidence detector which surrounds the upper part of the detector, the spark chamber array is triggered by two hodoscopes of plastic scintillators. A time of flight requirement is included to reject events moving backward through the telescope. The energy of the gamma ray is primarily determined by absorption of the energies of the electron and positron in a 20 cm deep NaI(Tl) scintillator.

Hartman, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The EGRET data products

We describe the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) data products which we anticipate will suffice for virtually all guest and archival investigations. The production process, content, availability, format, and the associated software of each product is described. Supplied here is sufficient detail for each researcher to do analysis which is not supported by extant software.

Mattox, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1990

COS-B gamma ray sources beyond the predicted diffuse emission

COS-B data were reanalyzed using for background subtraction the modeled galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission based on HI- and CO-line surveys and the gamma-ray data itself. A methodology was developed for this purpose with the following three features: automatic generation of source catalogs using correlation analysis, simulation of trials to derive significance thresholds for source detection, and bootstrap sampling to drive error boxes and confidence intervals for source parameters. The analysis shows that about half of the 2CG sources are explained by concentrations in the distribution of molecular hydrogen. Indication for a few weak new sources is also obtained.

Mayer-Hasselwander, H. A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

High-energy gamma-ray and hard X-ray observations of Cyg X-3

COS-B viewed the Cyg X-3 region seven times between November, 1975, and February, 1982; a search for steady gamma-ray emission pulsed at the characteristic 4.8-hour period did not reveal its source. Leiden-MIT balloon experiment observations of Cyg X-3 in May, 1979 show the 4.8-hour modulation with sinusoidal light curve and modulation depth of 0.30, for energies of up to about 140 keV. The strong variability of Cyg X-3 over more than one order of magnitude at energies below 20 keV does not emerge in the data collected at hard X-ray energies.

Hermsen, W.↗