Engineering topics
Mason, P.
Publications and source records attributed to Mason, P..
Space-flight validation opportunities for low-temperature technologies
This paper describes the NMP flight validation requirements and encourage the cryogenic technology community to propose experiments that require the environment of space for technology validation.
A measurement by BOOMERANG of multiple peaks in the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background
This paper presents a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background from l = 75 to l = 1025 (~10' to 5 degrees) from a combined analysis of four 150 GHz channels in the BOOMERANG experiment. The spectrum contains multiple peaks and minima, as predicted by standard adiabatic-inflationary models in which the primordial plasma undergoes acoustic oscillations.
Space-flight validation opportunities for low-temperature technologies
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Control of Liquid Helium Motions by Aerogel for Space Test of Equivalence Principle (STEP)
(view graphs)space test of equivalence principle.
System Design for the Control of Liquid Helium by Electrostatic Forces for the Step Mission
A greatly improved test of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass is now possible, using superconducting measurement technology in an earth-orbiting spacecraft.
Superfluid Helium Zero-Gravity Test Facility
Experiments in zero-gravity aircraft are performed as stand-alone experiments yielding worthwile scientific data or in preparation for longer rocket or space flights.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility cryogenic and optical technology
SIRTF will require new liquid helium cryogenics and optical technology at liquid helium temperatures to meet the scientific requirements. In particular, it will require a helium cryogenic system operating at 1.25 K with a lifetime of five years. The optical system will require a 1-m mirror operating at 2 K, which is diffraction limited at 3 microns. This paper describes the advances which will be needed and the approaches to be taken.
Low temperature research facilities for shuttle and beyond
This paper describes the Low Temperature Research Facility program now under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This program will develop the experiments and cryogenic facility to fly experiments requiring temperatures in the liquid helium range, from the superfluid range (1.6 K) to the critical point (5.2 K). A shuttle facility is planned for 1998. It will be flown about every two years after that time. A free flyer is also being evaluated for the end of the decade or early in the next century. A brief discussion of the quality of micro-gravity available in various carriers is also given.
Space cryogenics from 1970 to 2010
While space-related cryogenic engineering in the 1950s and 1960s was primarily concerned with liquid fueled rocket fuel supply systems, the leading edge of technology development moved in the 1970s to the supply of 1.4-70 K cooling facilities for IR and gamma-ray astronomy instruments. Attention is presently given to the development history, current status, and future prospects for superfluid He cryocooling systems, in view of prospective requirements for micro-K cooling capacities over astronomical instrument service lives of the order of 10 years. The spacecraft in question will be launched in the mid-to-late 1990s and encompass the Advanced X-ray Astronomy facility, the Gyro Test of General Relativity, the Space IR Telescope Facility, Astromag, and the Submillimeter Explorer.
Superfluid Helium Experiment for Spacelab 2
The Superfluid Helium Experiment is designed to study the properties of superfluid helium in zero gravity and demonstrate the operation of a versatile reusable superfluid helium experiment facility. The superfluid experiment will consist of three subexperiments. The quantized surface wave experiment is intended to contribute to an understanding of the quantum nature of He-2 and the interactions between the normal and superfluid components. The bulk fluid dynamics experiment will determine the response of the bulk helium to known accelerations. The thermal dynamics experiment will attempt to obtain a detailed understanding of the spatial distribution of temperatures and the thermal frequency spectrum in the bulk liquid. In addition, the superfluid helium cryostat will be instrumented to measure its performance in several critical areas.
The behavior of superfluid helium in zero gravity
Studies of the behavior of superfluid helium in zero gravity including fluid distribution within the cryostat, thickness of superfluid films, and heat transfer in such films, were conducted in one gravity in the laboratory and in zero-g flights on aircraft and sounding rocket. The studies show that the bulk motions are sufficiently well damped to allow control of their effects on experiments and spacecraft attitude control systems, and that the superfluid films will be able to maintain the high degree of temperature uniformity found in laboratory superfluid helium cryostats. The presentation includes film clips of the motions on the superfluid in zero-g.
Design of a superfluid helium dewar for the IRAS telescope
The Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) is planned for launch in 1981, and is a joint project of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. The instrument will consist of a superfluid helium-cooled 60 cm telescope with a large array of infrared detectors at the focal plane. The primary purpose of the mission is to perform an all-sky survey in the infrared region from 8 to 120 micrometers. The dewar contains 70 kg of superfluid helium which will maintain the telescope and detectors at 2K for one year. The dewar contains a supercritical helium cover tank which will be ejected after the experiment has been in orbit for two weeks.
Experiments on the properties of superfluid helium in zero gravity
The paper describes a research program designed to study the behavior of superfluid liquid helium in low and zero gravity in order to determine the properties which are critically important to its use as a stored cryogen for cooling scientific instruments aboard spacecraft for periods up to several months. The experiment program consists of a series of flights of an experiment package on a free-fall trajectory both on an aircraft and on a rocket. The objectives are to study thickness of thin films of helium as a function of acceleration, heat transfer in thin films, heat transfer across copper-liquid helium interfaces, fluid dynamics of bulk helium in high and low accelerations and under various conditions of rotations, alternate methods of separation of liquid and vapor phases and of efficient venting of the vapor, and undesirable thermomechanical oscillations in the vent pipes. Preliminary results from aircraft tests are discussed.
Surface crystalline carbon temperature sensor
The described sensor has been used to measure small temperature changes in investigations related to the study of the properties of superfluid helium under zero-gravity conditions. The sensor requirements included high sensitivity, rapid response, small size, reproducibility, and ease of application to a test surface. In the preparation of the sensor a thin film of a commercially available carbon colloidal suspension is deposited on a substrate which must be electrically insulated or be covered with an insulating layer.
Sensor for distinguishing liquid-vapor phases of superfluid helium
A small, high-accuracy, rapid-response, low-power-dissipation sensor used in determining the distribution of the liquid and vapor phases of helium in a rocket-borne cryogenic cooler is described. The device, which consists of a 6 mm constantan wire coated for about two-thirds of its length with a superconductor alloy, operates on the basis of the coating's alternation between superconductivity (during immersion in the fluid) and a normal resistive state (during immersion in the vapor). The sensor's response time upon shift from one environment to the other is found to be less than 10 milliseconds. Details of design criteria, and installation of an array of sensors in a flight dewar are also given.
Structural transitions in native collagen and their physiological significance
Physiochemistry of collagen as fibrous protein with high degree of crystallinity