Martínez-Tossas, Luis A. (ORCID:0000000323534999)

DOE OSTI2025

Gaussian FLOWERS: Wind-rose-based analytical integration of Gaussian wake model for extremely fast AEP estimation

A major cost in the study of wind farm layout optimization is the repeated evaluation of the annual energy production (AEP). The current approach to estimating AEP requires a large set of flow simulations to be performed that cover each discrete wind speed and direction combination contained within the wind rose, followed by a probability-weighted sum of the power production resulting from each simulation. Even with inexpensive engineering wake models, this numerical integration scheme can lead to high computational costs. In this paper, we derive an analytical formulation for estimating farm AEP across every wind direction, based on a Gaussian wake velocity model, which reduces the number of wind farm simulations to a single function evaluation. As a result, we find that the Gaussian-FLOWERS approach reduces the time for AEP calculations by more than two orders of magnitude with a small trade-off in accuracy when compared to a conventional approach. This massive reduction in computation cost is useful to reduce overall costs in wind farm layout optimization studies.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Efficient wind farm layout optimization with the FLOWERS AEP model and analytic gradients

Wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) studies often aim to maximize the annual energy production (AEP) of a wind farm by choosing an arrangement of turbines that minimizes wake interactions. One way to reduce the cost of WFLO studies is by using more computationally efficient AEP models. The cost of standard AEP modeling approaches, based on the numerical integration of low-fidelity engineering wake models, scales poorly with the number of simulated discrete wind conditions. A second way to reduce cost when using a gradient-based algorithm is to supply exact gradient information instead of finite-difference estimates. However, analytical functions for the derivatives of AEP with respect to turbine positions are not always available in the conventional modeling approach. FLOWERS is a computationally inexpensive, analytical model for wind farm AEP that is specifically developed for WFLO applications. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the FLOWERS AEP model with analytic gradients in a layout optimization study compared with a reference optimization framework across three wind farm case studies. We find that the FLOWERS-based approach reduces computation time by a factor of 50–4000 and improves optimal AEP by about 0.3% with less than half of the variability in AEP across instances with randomized initial conditions. We also find the optimal layouts to be insensitive to model parameter tuning, making FLOWERS-based layout optimization a streamlined, user-friendly approach.

17 WIND ENERGY↗