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Makide, Y.

Publications and source records attributed to Makide, Y..

Trends in source gases

Source gases are defined as those gases that, by their breakdown, introduce into the stratosphere halogen, hydrogen, and nitrogen compounds that are important in stratospheric ozone destruction. Given here is an update of the existing concentration time series for chlorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane. Also reviewed is information on halogen containing species and the use of these data for establishing trends. Also reviewed is evidence on trends in trace gases that influence tropospheric chemistry and thus the tropospheric lifetimes of source gases, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or nitrogen oxides. Much of the information is given in tabular form.

Ehhalt, D. H.↗

Atmospheric concentrations and behavior of halocarbons and methane

The atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons and methane in the troposphere and stratosphere were precisely measured by grab-sampling followed by gas-chromatographic analysis in the laboratory. Chlorofluorocarbons such as CCl2F2 and CCl3F have received a great deal of attention due to their probable impact on the stratospheric ozone: the chlorofluorocarbons accumulated in the troposphere are eventually decomposed by photolysis in the stratosphere releasing Cl radicals which in turn participate in the ClO sub x-catalytic chain destroying the ozone, especially in the upper stratosphere. Methane reacts with Cl in the stratosphere reducing the ozone depletion, while its source and future trend of concentration in the troposphere are uncertain. The study of their distribution and behavior in the atmosphere are therefore very important. After the extensive survey of the locations for collection of atmospheriic samples representing the midlatitudes Northern Hemisphere (N.H.) without local contamination, we have measured the concentrations of CCl2F2, CCl3F, CH3CCl3, CC1, CHCl=CCl2 and CCl2=CCl2 with plus or minus 1 pptv precision in samples collected in Hokkaido and west coast Tohoku area (the northern part of Japan, 40 deg to 45 deg N) every summer and winter since 1979. The observed concentrations of CCl2F2 and CCl3F are now above 360 and 200 pptv, respectively, and have been steadily increasing by approx. 15 and approx. 8 pptv/year during the last several years.

Makide, Y.↗

Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) carbon dioxide and carbon isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric air by grab-sampling systems

Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs), carbon dioxide and carbon isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric air by grab-sampling systems are reported. The balloon-borne grab-sampling system has been launched from Sanriku Balloon Center three times since 1981. It consists of: (1) six sampling cylinders, (2) eight motor driven values, (3) control and monitor circuits, and (4) pressurized housing. Particular consideration is paid to the problem of contamination. Strict requirements are placed on the choice of materials and components, construction methods, cleaning techniques, vacuum integrity, and sampling procedures. An aluminum pressurized housing and a 4-m long inlet line are employed to prevent the sampling air from contamination by outgassing of sampling and control devices. The sampling is performed during the descent of the system. Vertical profiles of mixing ratios of CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and CH4 are given. Mixing ratios of CF2Cl2 and CFCl3 in the stratosphere do not show the discernible effect of the increase of those in the ground level background, and decrease with altitude. Decreasing rate of CFCl3 is larger than that of CF2Cl2. CH4 mixing ratio, on the other hand, shows diffusive equilibrium, as the photodissociation cross section of CH4 is small and concentrations of OH radical and 0(sup I D) are low.

Itoh, T.↗