Engineering Papers⌕ Search

Engineering topics

Jack, J. R.

Publications and source records attributed to Jack, J. R..

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

Reliable aerial thermography for energy conservation

A method for energy conservation, the aerial thermography survey, is discussed. It locates sources of energy losses and wasteful energy management practices. An operational map is presented for clear sky conditions. The map outlines the key environmental conditions conductive to obtaining reliable aerial thermography. The map is developed from defined visual and heat loss discrimination criteria which are quantized based on flat roof heat transfer calculations.

Jack, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Feasibility of determining flat roof heat losses using aerial thermography

The utility of aerial thermography for determining rooftop heat losses is investigated. Actual rooftop heat losses were obtained both from in-situ instrumentation of test roofs with known thermal resistances and aerial thermography obtained from overflights at an altitude of 305 m. It is found that the roof heat losses calculated using the remotely determined roof temperature agreed to within 17% of those calculated from ground measurements. However it is noted that an acceptable quantitative determination of roof heat losses using aerial thermography is only feasible when the convective term is accurately known or minimized. In addition, the sensitivity of the heat loss determination to environmental conditions is also evaluated. Finally, the analysis shows that the most reliable determinations can probably be obtained under conditions of total cloud cover with low wind speeds and at low ambient temperatures.

Bowman, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Feasibility of determining flat roof heat losses using aerial thermography

The utility of aerial thermography for determining rooftop heat losses was investigated experimentally using several completely instrumented test roofs with known thermal resistances. Actual rooftop heat losses were obtained both from in-situ instrumentation and aerial thermography obtained from overflights at an altitude of 305 m. In general, the remotely determined roof surface temperatures agreed very well with those obtained from ground measurements. The roof heat losses calculated using the remotely determined roof temperature agreed to within 17% of those calculated from 1/R delta T using ground measurements. However, this agreement may be fortuitous since the convective component of the heat loss is sensitive to small changes in roof temperature and to the average heat transfer coefficient used, whereas the radiative component is less sensitive. This, at this time, it is felt that an acceptable quantitative determination of roof heat losses using aerial thermography is only feasible when the convective term is accurately known or minimized. The sensitivity of the heat loss determination to environmental conditions was also evaluated. The analysis showed that the most reliable quantitative heat loss determinations can probably be obtained from aerial thermography taken under conditions of total cloud cover with low wind speeds and at low ambient temperatures.

Bowman, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Energy conservation, using remote thermal scanning

Airborne thermal infrared scans and thermal maps utilized in NASA's energy conservation program have proven to be efficient cost-effective method for identifying heat losses from building roofs and heating system distribution lines. Method employs commercially available equipment in highly developed way.

Bowman, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Aerial thermography for energy conservation

Thermal infrared scanning from an aircraft is a convenient and commercially available means for determining relative rates of energy loss from building roofs. The need to conserve energy as fuel costs makes the mass survey capability of aerial thermography an attractive adjunct to community energy awareness programs. Background information on principles of aerial thermography is presented. Thermal infrared scanning systems, flight and environmental requirements for data acquisition, preparation of thermographs for display, major users and suppliers of thermography, and suggested specifications for obtaining aerial scanning services were reviewed.

Jack, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Application of remote thermal scanning to the NASA energy conservation program

Airborne thermal scans of all NASA centers were made during 1975 and 1976. The remotely sensed data were used to identify a variety of heat losses, including those from building roofs and central heating system distribution lines. Thermal imagery from several NASA centers is presented to demonstrate the capability of detecting these heat losses remotely. Many heat loss areas located by the scan data were verified by ground surveys. At this point, at least for such energy-intensive areas, thermal scanning is an excellent means of detecting many possible energy losses.

Bowman, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effect of contamination on the optical properties of transmitting and reflecting materials exposed to a MMH/N2O4 rocket exhaust

The changes are presented in spectral transmittance, and reflectance due to exposure of various optical materials to the exhaust plume of a 5-pound thrust bipropellant rocket. The engine was fired in a pulsed mode for a total exposure of 223.7 second. Spectral optical properties were measured in air before and after exposure to the exhaust plume in vacuum. The contaminating layer resulted in both absorption and scattering effects which caused changes as large as 30-50% for transmitting elements and 15% for mirrors in the near ultraviolet wavelengths. The changes in spectral properties of materials exposed to the exhaust plume for 44 and 223.7 seconds are compared and found to be similar.

Bowman, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Exhaust plume and contamination characteristics of a bipropellant (MMH/N2O4) RCS thruster

Results are presented for three recent tests in a series of thruster contamination experiments made in liquid helium-cooled environmental facility. The contaminating effects encountered on various materials, surfaces, and components, due to the exhaust products from a 5-pound thrust, bipropellant (MMH/N2O4) thruster are investigated. The angular distribution of plume effects around the periphery of the thruster established by transmittance changes of quartz samples over the wavelength range from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometer is studied, along with mass deposition rates at a specific location measured with a quartz crystal microbalance for three different experiments. Quadrupole mass spectrometer measurements of the exhaust products over the mass number range from 12 to 75; infrared transmittance measurements of contaminated samples for the wavelength range from 2.5 to 15 microns; and infrared transmittance measurements of residue from the thruster nozzle are also considered.

Spisz, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Plume mass flow and optical damage distributions for an MMH/N2O4 RCS thruster

The data obtained from two recent experiments conducted in a continuing series of experiments at the Lewis Research Center into the contamination characteristics of a 5-pound thrust MMH/N2O4 engine are presented. The primary objectives of these experiments were to establish the angular distribution of condensible exhaust products within the plume and the corresponding optical damage angular distribution of transmitting optical elements attributable to this contaminant. The plume mass flow distribution was measured by five quartz crystal microbalances (QCM's) located at the engine axis evaluation. The fifth QCM was located above the engine and 15 deg behind the nozzle exit plane. The optical damage was determined by ex-situ transmittance measurements for the wavelength range from 0.2 to 0.6 microns on 2.54 cm diameter fused silica discs also located at engine centerline elevation. Both the mass deposition and optical damage angular distributions followed the expected trend of decreasing deposition and damage as the angle between sensor or sample and the nozzle axis increased. A simple plume gas flow equation predicted the deposition distribution reasonably well for angles of up to 55 degrees. The optical damage measurements also indicated significant effects at large angles.

Spisz, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

High solar intensity radiometer

Silicon solar cells are used to measure visible radiant energy and radiation intensities to 20 solar constants. Future investigations are planned for up to 100 solar constants. Radiometer is small, rugged, accurate and inexpensive.

Jack, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Environmental simulation from 0.01 to 100 solar constants

The design and development of two solar radiation simulators with an intensity variation ranging from 0.01 to greater than 100 solar constants under vacuum conditions are discussed. The characteristics of the simulators are presented in terms of spectral content, beam uniformity, and stability. Preliminary thermal radiative property data obtained at high temperatures are reported. The general operating characteristics of the simulator are automatic starting, control of both positive and negative electrodes, and uninterrupted operation for periods in excess of 24 hours.

Jack, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The effect of rocket plume contamination on the optical properties of transmitting and reflecting materials.

The preliminary results of plume contamination from a 5-pound thrust single-doublet, bipropellant rocket engine on the transmittance of quartz and the reflectance of a silicon monoxide overcoated aluminum mirror have been presented. Changes in quartz transmittance were found to be significant and were due to both absorption and scattering effects. Contaminant absorption effects were predominant at the short wavelengths and scattering effects were greatest in the visible wavelengths. Measured changes in mirror reflectance were due primarily to contaminant absorption. Scattering effects were found to be as much as 9% of the total reflected energy from the mirror. There were no noticeable chemical or erosion effects on either the quartz or the front surface mirror.

Jack, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

The effect of rocket plume contamination on the optical properties of transmitting and reflecting materials

The preliminary results of plume contamination from a 5-pound thrust single-doublet, bipropellant rocket engine on the transmittance of quartz and the reflectance of a silicon monoxide overcoated aluminum mirror are presented. Changes in quartz transmittance were found to be significant and were due to both absorption and scattering effects. Contaminant absorption effects were predominant at the short wavelengths and scattering effects were greatest in the visible wavelengths. Measured changes in mirror reflectance were due primarily to contaminant absorption. Scattering effects were found to be as much as 9 percent of the total reflected energy from the mirror. There were no noticeable chemical or erosion effects on either the quartz or the front surface mirror.

Jack, J. R.↗