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Engel, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Engel, A..

9 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2013

Evaluating Global Emission Inventories of Biogenic Bromocarbons

Emissions of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are poorly constrained. However, their inclusion in global models is required to simulate a realistic inorganic bromine (Bry) loading in both the troposphere, where bromine chemistry perturbs global oxidizing capacity, and in the stratosphere, where it is a major sink for ozone (O3). We have performed simulations using a 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) including three top-down and a single bottom-up derived emission inventory of the major brominated VSLS bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2). We perform the first concerted evaluation of these inventories, comparing both the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions. For a quantitative evaluation of each inventory, model output is compared with independent long-term observations at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ground-based stations and with aircraft observations made during the NSF (National Science Foundation) HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) project. For CHBr3, the mean absolute deviation between model and surface observation ranges from 0.22 (38 %) to 0.78 (115 %) parts per trillion (ppt) in the tropics, depending on emission inventory. For CH2Br2, the range is 0.17 (24 %) to 1.25 (167 %) ppt. We also use aircraft observations made during the 2011 Stratospheric Ozone: Halogen Impacts in a Varying Atmosphere (SHIVA) campaign, in the tropical western Pacific. Here, the performance of the various inventories also varies significantly, but overall the CTM is able to reproduce observed CHBr3 well in the free troposphere using an inventory based on observed sea-to-air fluxes. Finally, we identify the range of uncertainty associated with these VSLS emission inventories on stratospheric bromine loading due to VSLS (Br(VSLS/y)). Our simulations show Br(VSLS/y) ranges from approximately 4.0 to 8.0 ppt depending on the inventory. We report an optimized estimate at the lower end of this range (approximately 4 ppt) based on combining the CHBr3 and CH2Br2 inventories which give best agreement with the compilation of observations in the tropics.

bromocarbons↗
NASA NTRS1999

Measurements of Chlorine Partitioning in the Winter Arctic Stratosphere

Under the extremely cold conditions in the polar winter stratosphere, heterogeneous reactions involving HCl and CIONO(sub 2) on the surfaces of polar stratospheric cloud particles can release large amounts of reactive chlorine from these reservoirs leading to rapid chemical loss of ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during late winter and early spring.

chlorine partitioning stratosphere polar processes↗
NASA NTRS1996

NO(y) Correlation with N2O and CH4 in the Midlatitude Stratosphere

Total reactive nitrogen (NO(y)), nitrous oxide (NO2), methane (CH4), and ozone (03) were measured on board a balloon launched from Aire sur l'Adour (44 deg N, 0 deg W), France on October 12, 1994. Generally, NO(y) was highly anti-correlated with N2O and CH4 at altitudes between 15 and 32 km. The linear NO(y) - N2O and NO(y) - CH4 relationships obtained by the present observations are very similar to those obtained on board ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft previously at altitude below 20 km in the northern hemisphere. They also agree well with the data obtained by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument at 41 deg N in November 1994. Slight departures from linear correlations occurred around 29 km, where N2O and CH4 mixing ratios were larger than typical midlatitude values, suggesting horizontal transport of tropical airmasses to northern midlatitudes in a confined altitude region.

Kondo, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Chlorine Partitioning in the Arctic Vortex During Winter 1995 Derived From Submillimeterwave Remote Sensing and in Situ Constituent Measurements

High altitude balloon flights of a combined payload of the Submillimeterwave Limb Sounder and the whole air sampler instruments were performed on 27 January 1995 and 08 March 1995. Both flights were launched from sweden as part of the Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME). Results of the first flight suggest that most of the available chlorine had been converted to CLOx in the observed air parcel, while warmer air in the second flight had much more HCl than CLOx.

Arctic vortex stratosphere chlorine remote sensing↗
NASA NTRS1980

Universal odd-modulus frequency divider

Simple circuit divides frequency by preselected odd number. Exclusive-OR gate, divide-by-N circuit, and flip-flop are only components. Input pulses must be symmetrical.

Engel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Data reformatting with less hardware

Dual-function integrated circuits use one shift register array instead of two to feed video data to seven tape channels thereby making system more reliable and less expensive than predecessor. Basic principle of reformatter is also applicable to multiplexing and frequency conversion circuits.

Engel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Digital data reformatter/deserializer

A method and apparatus is presented for reformatting and de-serializing a serially-received sequence of data words, each consisting of a fixed number of binary data bits. A block of nm bits is serially fed into a shift register or serially-connected group of shift registers. In lieu of the(nm-1)th shifts, the bits are rearranged within the shift register in parallel fashion, according to a prescribed scheme. Shifting then continues, until the first bit of each data word appears in the last bit position in the shift register, at which time that data word is shifted in parallel into an output buffer stage, from which it is outputted in parallel, after a fixed delay.

Engel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Operational slope-limiting circuit

Circuit limits slope of arbitrary waveform to avoid exceeding rate limit of subsequent amplifier, or to form trapezoidal wave with adjustable rise and fall rates from square wave of arbitrary frequency. Integrator provides delay needed to develop output waveform. DC coupling is used to preserve original dc offset.

Engel, A.↗