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Emslie, A. G.

Publications and source records attributed to Emslie, A. G..

At least 37 records · Page 2
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NASA NTRS1986

A mechanism for deep chromospheric heating during solar flares

The role of the negative hydrogen ion, H(-), in the energy balance of the deep solar chromosphere is reexamined and it is found, in contrast with earlier authors, that H(-) is a source of heating at these levels. The response of this region to an ionizing flux of flare-associated UV radiation (1500 to 1900 A) is then addressed: it is found that the excess ionization of Si to Si(+) increases the local electron number density considerably, since most species are largely neutral at deep chromospheric levels. This in turn increases the electron-hydrogen atom association rate, the H(-) abundance, and the rate of absorption of photospheric radiation by this ion. It is found that the excess absorption by this process may lead to a substantial temperature enhancement at temperature minimum levels during flares.

Machado, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The excitation of the iron K-alpha feature in solar flares

The relationship between the hard X-ray photon spectrum and the flux of iron K-alpha emission in a thick-target electron bombardment model is evaluated. Results are presented for various power-law hard X-ray spectra. These results are applied to two events observed with the Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer and the K-alpha channel of the X-Ray Polychromator Bent Crystal Spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite. For one of the events, on March 29, 1980, at 09:18 UT, the K-alpha flux predicted for a thick-target nonthermal process is significant compared to the background fluorescent component, and the data are indeed consistent with an enhancement of the predicted amount. For the other event, on October 14, 1980 at 0.6:09 UT, the hard X-ray spectrum is so steep that no significant K-alpha flux is predicted for this process, and no enhancement is seen. It is concluded that the agreement between the predicted K-alpha flux and the observed magnitude of the K-alpha enhancement above the fluorescent background at the time of the large hard X-ray bursts lends support to a thick-target nonthermal interpretation of impulsive hard X-ray emission in solar flares.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The structure of high-temperature flare plasma. II Comparison with observations

In Emslie, (1985) scaling law's which relate peak loop temperature to injected nonthermal electron flux in electron-heated models of the flare corona are derived. These predicted relationships are compared with recent coordinated observations in hard X-rays and soft X-rays. Satisfactory agreement is found for large events, while for smaller events the plasma electron temperature determined by soft X-ray spectral fitting is too high. A possible resolution of this apparent discrepancy through careful examination of the method used to determine the temperature of the soft X-ray emitting plasma is discussed. It is concluded that temperatures determined by spectral fitting over a series of lines are not necessarily representative of the true temperature of the plasma, since the fitting technique is plagued by the same difficulties as a more straightforward technique involving a single spectral line or portion of continuum (Craig and Brown, 1976). The differences between actual and derived temperatures are sufficiently large to remove the above discrepancy between observations and modeling of electron-heated coronae.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The quasi-linear relaxation of thick-target electron beams in solar flares

The effects of quasi-linear interactions on thick-target electron beams in the solar corona are investigated. Coulomb collisions produce regions of positive gradient in electron distributions which are initially monotonic decreasing functions of energy. In the resulting two-stream instability, energy and momentum are transferred from electrons to Langmuir waves and the region of positive slope in the electron distribution is replaced by a plateau. In the corona, the timescale for this quasi-linear relaxation is very short compared to the collision time. It is therefore possible to model the effects of quasi-linear relaxation by replacing any region of positive slop in the distribution by a plateau at each time step, in such a way as to conserve particle number. The X-ray bremsstrahlung and collisional heating rate produced by a relaxed beam are evaluated. Although the analysis is strictly steady state, it is relevant to the theoretical interpretation of hard X-ray bursts with durations of the order of a few seconds (i.e., the majority of such bursts).

Mcclements, K. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The evolution of the spatial structure of thick-target hard X-ray emission in solar flares

The spatial distribution of hard X-ray bremsstrahlung emission from an electron-heated target is examined, using a self-consistent calculation of the hydrodynamic response of the atmosphere to heating by the electrons to compute the density-height structure of the target atmosphere at various times. In this way the temporal evolution of the hard X-ray spatial structure at various photon energies is predicted. These results are compared with existing observations from the SMM Hard X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer to give a prognosis for the type of structure to be expected at the subarcsec resolution planned for future instrumentation.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Thermal stability of static coronal loops. I - Effects of boundary conditions

The linear stability of static coronal-loop models undergoing thermal perturbations was investigated. The effect of conditions at the loop base on the stability properties of the models was considered in detail. The question of appropriate boundary conditions at the loop base was considered and it was concluded that the most physical assumptions are that the temperature and density (or pressure) perturbations vanish there. However, if the base is taken to be sufficiently deep in the chromosphere, either several chromospheric scale heights or several coronal loop lengths in depth, then the effect of the boundary conditions on loop stability becomes negligible so that all physically acceptable conditions are equally appropriate. For example, one could as well assume that the velocity vanishes at the base. The growth rates and eigenmodes of static models in which gravity is neglected and in which the coronal heating is a relatively simple function, either constant per-unit mass or per-unit volume were calculated. It was found that all such models are unstable with a growth rate of the order of the coronal cooling time. The physical implications of these results for the solar corona and transition region are discussed.

Antiochos, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Hard X-ray bremsstrahlung production in solar flares by high-energy proton beams

The possibility that solar hard X-ray bremsstrahlung is produced by acceleration of stationary electrons by fast-moving protons, rather than vice versa, as commonly assumed, was investigated. It was found that a beam of protons which involves 1836 times fewer particles, each having an energy 1836 times greater than that of the electrons in the equivalent electron beam model, has exactly the same bremsstrahlung yield for a given target, i.e., the mechanism has an energetic efficiency equal to that of conventional bremsstrahlung models. Allowance for the different degrees of target ionization appropriate to the two models (for conventional flare geometries) makes the proton beam model more efficient than the electron beam model, by a factor of order three. The model places less stringent constraints than a conventional electron beam model on the flare energy release mechanism. It is also consistent with observed X-ray burst spectra, intensities, and directivities. The altitude distribution of hard X-rays predicted by the model agrees with observations only if nonvertical injection of the protons is assumed. The model is inconsistent with gamma-ray data in terms of conventional modeling.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The structure of high-temperature solar flare plasma in non-thermal flare models

Analytic differential emission measure distributions have been derived for coronal plasma in flare loops heated both by collisions of high-energy suprathermal electrons with background plasma, and by ohmic heating by the beam-normalizing return current. For low densities, reverse current heating predominates, while for higher densities collisional heating predominates. There is thus a minimum peak temperature in an electron-heated loop. In contrast to previous approximate analyses, it is found that a stable reverse current can dominate the heating rate in a flare loop, especially in the low corona. Two 'scaling laws' are found which relate the peak temperature in the loop to the suprathermal electron flux. These laws are testable observationally and constitute a new diagnostic procedure for examining modes of energy transport in flaring loops.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Energetics of a double flare on November 8, 1980

In the energy balance analysis of a double impulsive hard X-ray flare presently completed, it is deduced on the basis of spatial observations that both flares probably occur in the same loop, within the resolution limits of the data. Total energy losses are noted to be a factor of two lower than the calculated fast electron energy; this is interpreted as an indication that the first flare occurred in a small loop, with fast electrons heating the chromosphere and resulting in a chromospheric evaporation that increased the density in the loop. For the second flare, most of the heating occurred at the electron acceleration site. The estimated altitude of the acceleration site is 5500 km above the photosphere.

Doyle, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The interpretation of hard X-ray polarization measurements in solar flares

Observations of polarization of moderately hard X-rays in solar flares are reviewed and compared with the predictions of recent detailed modeling of hard X-ray bremsstrahlung production by non-thermal electrons. The recent advances in the complexity of the modeling lead to substantially lower predicted polarizations than in earlier models and more fully highlight how various parameters play a role in determining the polarization of the radiation field. The new predicted polarizations are comparable to those predicted by thermal modeling of solar flare hard X-ray production, and both are in agreement with the observations. In the light of these results, new polarization observations with current generation instruments are proposed which could be used to discriminate between non-thermal and thermal models of hard X-ray production in solar flares.

Leach, J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Thermal stability of static coronal loops: Part 1: Effects of boundary conditions

The linear stability of static coronal-loop models undergoing thermal perturbations was investigated. The effect of conditions at the loop base on the stability properties of the models was considered in detail. The question of appropriate boundary conditions at the loop base was considered and it was concluded that the most physical assumptions are that the temperature and density (or pressure) perturbations vanish there. However, if the base is taken to be sufficiently deep in the chromosphere, either several chromospheric scale heights or several coronal loop lengths in depth, then the effect of the boundary conditions on loop stability becomes negligible so that all physically acceptable conditions are equally appropriate. For example, one could as well assume that the velocity vanishes at the base. The growth rates and eigenmodes of static models in which gravity is neglected and in which the coronal heating is a relatively simple function, either constant per-unit mass or per-unit volume were calculated. It was found that all such models are unstable with a growth rate of the order of the coronal cooling time. The physical implications of these results for the solar corona and transition region are discussed.

Antiochos, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Microwave signature of thick-target electron beams in solar flares

The steady-state behavior of a flux of nonthermal electrons injected into a fully ionized thick target is examined. Owing to the (inverse square) energy dependence of the Coulomb collisional cross section, it is found that injected electron distributions that are monotonically decreasing functions of electron energy develop at finite depths into distributions that have 'humps' in velocity space; the electron energy corresponding to the hump correlates with the overlying particle column density to the target. This results in a two-stream unstable situation. The distribution is constantly being relaxed by quasi-linear relaxation and re-created by collisions; in this way a steady nonthermal level of Langmuir plasma waves is created, and these waves in turn produce microwave plasma radiation with a typical flux of 3 x 10 to the -16th erg/sq cm-sec. This flux can be enhanced by a factor of up to 100 by a high level of low-frequency (such as ion-acoustic) turbulence, which prevents quasi-linear relaxation for a sufficient fraction of the path length.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Gas dynamics in the impulsive phase of solar flares. I Thick-target heating by nonthermal electrons

A numerical investigation is carried out of the gas dynamical response of the solar atmosphere to a flare energy input in the form of precipitating nonthermal electrons. Rather than discussing the origin of these electrons, the spectral and temporal characteristics of the injected flux are inferred through a thick-target model of hard X-ray bremsstrahlung production. It is assumed that the electrons spiral about preexisting magnetic field lines, making it possible for a one-dimensional spatial treatment to be performed. It is also assumed that all electron energy losses are due to Coulomb collisions with ambient particles; that is, return-current ohmic effects and collective plasma processes are neglected. The results are contrasted with earlier work on conductive heating of the flare atmosphere. A local temperature peak is seen at a height of approximately 1500 km above the photosphere. This derives from a spatial maximum in the energy deposition rate from an electron beam. It is noted that such a feature is not present in conductively heated models. The associated localized region of high pressure drives material both upward and downward.

Nagai, F.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The role of magnetic field shear in solar flares

Observational results and their physical implications on magnetic field shear in relation to flares are presented. The observed character of magnetic shear and its involvement in the buildup and release of flare energy are reviewed. It is pointed out that the magnetic field in active regions can become sheared by several processes, including shear flow in the photosphere, flux emergence, magnetic reconnection, and flux submergence. Modeling studies of the buildup of stored magnetic energy by shearing are reported which show ample energy storage for flares. Observational evidence is presented that flares are triggered when the field shear reaches a critical degree, in qualitative agreement with some theoretical analyses of sheared force-free fields. Finally, a scenario is outlined for the class of flares resulting from large-scale magnetic shear; the overall instability driving the energy release results from positive feedback between reconnection and eruption of the sheared field.

Hagyard, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The interpretation of hard X-ray polarization measurements in solar flares

The significance of low hard X-ray polarization measurements for non-thermal models is discussed. Such a low polarization result, it is shown, can in fact occur in non-thermal models, and the ways in which the degree of X-ray polarization is correlated with the parameters of these models is discussed.

Leach, J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Thick-target bremsstrahlung interpretation of short time-scale solar hard X-ray features

Steady-state analyses of bremsstrahlung hard X-ray production in solar flares are appropriate only if the lifetime of the high energy electrons in the X-ray source is much shorter than the duration of the observed X-ray burst. For a thick-target nonthermal model, this implies that a full time-dependent analysis is required when the duration of the burst is comparable to the collisional lifetime of the injected electrons, in turn set by the lengths and densities of the flaring region. In this paper we present the results of such a time-dependent analysis, and we point out that the intrinsic temporal signature of the thick-target production mechanism, caused by the finite travel time of the electrons through the target, may indeed rule out such a mechanism for extremely short duration hard X-ray events.

Emslie, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Energetic electrons as an energy transport mechanism in solar flares

A review is conducted of the observations and theory relating to the role of energetic electrons in the solar flare, with particular emphasis on discriminating between 'thermal' and 'nonthermal' origins of these electrons. Diagnostics in hard X-rays, especially those relating to the recent observations of the SMM and Hinotori satellites are discussed. Attention is briefly given to the response of the atmosphere to energy input in the form of high energy electrons, in particular through the diagnostics of both the Fe K-alpha feature and optically thin transition region lines such as OV. Finally, the relative roles of electron and proton heating in gamma-ray flare events are discussed.

Emslie, A. G.↗