A Comparison of Major and Minor Species in Io's Exosphere
The atmosphere of the volcanically active moon Io is continuously stripped away through interactions with Jupiter's magnetic field and replenished by volcanically supplied gas. Io's exosphere, the low density region consisting of bound and escaping, non-interacting neutrals, is dominated by oxygen and sulfur atoms formed from the dissociation of SO2. The radial distributions of oxygen and sulfur emissions exhibit an asymmetry between the intensity over Io's leading and trailing hemispheres (Wolven et al. 2001). Sodium, a minor but well studied exospheric component, shows a different asymmetry: the sub-Jupiter exosphere is denser than the anti-Jupiter exosphere (Burger et al. 2001). In addition, the sodium density decreases much faster with distance than the intensities of the oxygen and sulfur emissions. We explore possible sources for these. One possibility is the dependence of the observed emissions lines on plasma flowing through the exosphere. Variations in the electrons affect the excitation rates of the transitions, while leaving the resonantly scattered sodium emission unaffected. The observations may also point to differences in the loss mechanisms from Io's atmosphere: sodium is believed to be sputtered from the atmosphere and surface by high energy ions in the magnetosphere (reviewed Johnson et al 2004; Thomas et al. 2004). It is unclear whether oxygen and sulfur are lost in the same manner, or instead by the dissociation of SO2 near or above the exobase, which would produce a significantly different energy distribution than sputtering, producing the observed differences.