Performance limiting factors of Cu2ZnSn(S Se1−)4 solar cells prepared by thermal evaporation
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Das, Sandip↗
Engineering topics
Das, Sandip
Publications and source records attributed to Das, Sandip.
Earth-Abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) Solar Cells
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14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Finding Our Way through Phenotypes
Despite a large and multifaceted effort to understand the vast landscape of phenotypic data, their current form inhibits productive data analysis. The lack of a community-wide, consensusbased, human- and machine-interpretable language for describing phenotypes and their genomic and environmental contexts is perhaps the most pressing scientific bottleneck to integration across many key fields in biology, including genomics, systems biology, development, medicine, evolution, ecology, and systematics. Here we survey the current phenomics landscape, including data resources and handling, and the progress that has been made to accurately capture relevant data descriptions for phenotypes. We present an example of the kind of integration across domains that computable phenotypes would enable, and we call upon the broader biology community, publishers, and relevant funding agencies to support efforts to surmount today’s data barriers and facilitate analytical reproducibility.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Growth and characterization of kesterite Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1−x}){sub 4} crystals for photovoltaic applications
Highlights: • Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1−x}){sub 4} crystals were grown using vertical gradient freeze technique. • Grown CZTSSe crystals exhibited highly crystalline tetragonal kesterite structure. • Grown ingot showed a homogeneous, stoichiometric composition along the growth axis. • Cu-rich particulates were observed along the polycrystalline grain boundaries. • Large volume of high quality CZTSSe can be grown using this novel VGF method. - Abstract: Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1−x}){sub 4} (CZTSSe) bulk crystals have been grown for the first time, in multi-gram quantities, using a novel vertical gradient freeze (VGF) technique. Large grain polycrystalline CZTSSe ingot with grain sizes ∼0.2–0.5 mm was grown in a vacuum sealed quartz ampoule. Structural, compositional, and electronic properties of the ingot were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and van der Pauw measurements. XRD analysis showed highly crystalline tetragonal structure corresponding to kesterite CZTSSe with lattice constants of a = 5.563 Å, and c = 11.09 Å (c/2a = 0.997) and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of single phase CZTSSe. High-resolution XPS spectra confirmed the formation of metal-sulfoselenides. The ingot along the growth axis showed a homogeneous near stoichiometric elemental distribution corresponding to Cu/(Zn + Sn) = 0.94 and Zn/Sn = 0.98. EDS mapping on the ingot's outer surface revealed formation of islanded Cu-rich droplets at the grain boundaries. Grown crystals exhibited p-type conductivity with a measured bulk resistivity of ∼51 Ω cm.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗